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Practical 1 Flashcards

LAB BIO II

1
Q

parts of a microscope image

A

A- Ocular
C-Brightness control Know
D- Head
F- objective lense
J-stage
M-Arm
N- cors focus knob
O- fine focus knob

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2
Q

Both the ___ and the _____ help magnify your view on a microscope.

A

Oculars and Objective Lenses

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3
Q

How much magnification do oculars provide?

A

10x

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4
Q

What 3 magnifications do objectives provide?

A

4x 10x 40x

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5
Q

How do you calculate total magnification

whats the total magnification of 4x?

A

multiply number on objective by 10

40x

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6
Q

As the magnification of the objective lenses ______, the field of view or diameter of field______.

A

increases, decreases

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7
Q

As the magnification _____, the light intensity through the ocular lenses______.

A

increases, decreases

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8
Q

As the magnification _____, the working distance, or the distance between the objective lens and the slide, _____.

A

increases, decreases

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9
Q

summarize how to use a micropippette

A

select the corect pippette
add a pippette tip
push down to the first stop to suck up the liquid
push down to the second stop the release the liquid
release the pippette tip

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10
Q

Pippette P20 (2-20 ul)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 1. 2
2. 2. 0
0. 5. 0

2ul. 12.5ul. 20ul

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11
Q

Pippette P200 (20-200)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 1. 2
2. 2. 0
0. 5. 0

20ul. 125ul. 200ul

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12
Q

Pippette P100 (10-100)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 0. 1
1. 7. 0
0. 5. 0

10ul. 75ul. 100ul

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13
Q

Pippette P1000 (100-2000 ul)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 0. 1
1. 7. 0
0. 5. 0

100ul. 750ul. 1000ul

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14
Q

how to calculate accuracy?

A

actual value- measure value
—————————————- = accuarcy %
acttual value x 100

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15
Q

lab reports are written in the ___ person and the ____ tense.

A

3rd, past

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16
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Pro: smaller, simpler, no nucleus (nucleiod region), no membrane bound organelles, binary fisson for replication.(DNA replicates and the cell splits)

Euk: larger, complex, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, numerous methods of replication

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17
Q

3 domains of life and what kind of cell they are

A

Eukarya- eukaryotic
Archea- prokaryotic
Bacteria- cyanobacteria- prokaryotic

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18
Q

Bacteria celll shapes

A

coccus
sprillia
bacillius

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19
Q

Groups of bacteria and their characteristics/importance

A

charateristics: peptidoglycan cell walls, cell membrane with a phosphlipid bilayer

importance: human disease, cyanobacteria first to produce oxygen

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20
Q

Gram Staining:
What feature of Bacteria is stained
Expected results of Gram Staining
Why does Gram Staining not work for Archaea?

A

The pebtidoglycan in cell walls
If the bacteria is gram negative it will be pink, if it is gram positive it will be purple.
Archa has pseudopetidoglycan in its cell walls not petidoglycan.

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21
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

gloves, sterile equiptment, flow hood, don’t talk to samples, don’t leave plates open.

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22
Q

antimicrobal Sensitivity Expirament rsult reading…

A

No zone- not sensitive
Zone above 0 but less than 1 cm- sensitive
zone greater than 1 cm- very sensitive

23
Q

Euglena spp.

A

Supergroup: Excavata
Subgroup: Euglenozoans
Representative: Euglena spp.
Modes of motility: flagellum
distinguising charateristics: pellicle
habitat: ponds
ecological role/Human importance: indicative of pulluted waterways

24
Q

Trypanosoma sp.

A

Supergroup: excavata
Subgroup: euglenozoans
Representative: trypansoma sp.
Modes of motility: flagellum
distinguising charateristics: kinetoplast
habitat: blood, soil, aquatic enviorn.
Human importance: parasitic

25
Diatoms (navicula)
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: Stramenopiles Representative: Diatoms (navicula) Modes of motility: non-motile distinguising charateristics: siliceo cell walls habitat: aquatic enviorn. ecological role: important in cold water
26
Brown Algae (Saragassum sp.)
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: Stramenopiles Representative: Brown Algae (sargassum sp.) Modes of motility: none distinguising charateristics: only multicellular representative habitat: aquatic Human importance: food
27
Ciliates (parmercium sp.)
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: alveolates Representative: Ciliates (parmecium sp) Modes of motility: cilia distinguising charateristics: saclike alveoli habitat: aquatic
28
Dinoflagellates (ceratium sp.)
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: Alveolates Representative: Dinoflagellates (ceratium sp.) Modes of motility: flagellum distinguising charateristics: cellulost cell wall habitat: aquatic ecological role: algal blooms
29
Apicomplexans (plasmodium sp.)
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: Alveolates Representative: Apicomplexans (plasmodium sp) Modes of motility: none distinguising charateristics: complex organelle arangement habitat: human blood
30
Foraminiferans
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: Rhizarians Representative: Foraminiferans Modes of motility: pseudopodia distinguising charateristics: calcium carbonate shell habitat: aquatic ecological role: limestond deposits
31
Radiolarians
Supergroup: SAR Subgroup: Rhizarians Representative: Radiolarians Modes of motility: axopodia habitat: aquatic ecological role: silica deposits
32
Tubulinids (amoeba sp.)
Supergroup: Unikonta Subgroup: Amoebozoans Representative: Tubulinids (amoeba sp.) Modes of motility: pseudopodia distinguising charateristics: naked cells habitat: soil and aquatic ecological role: comsuming bacterial protist
33
slime molds (physarum polycephalum)
Supergroup: unikonta Subgroup: Amoebozoans Representative: Slime molds Modes of motility: ‘crawling’ distinguising charateristics: cellular ultra structure habitat: moist forest floors Human importance: biomedical research
34
Rhodophyta
Supergroup: Archeaplastida Subgroup: Red Algae Representative: Rhodophyta Modes of motility: none distinguising charateristics: no flaggella habitat: aquatic ecological role: food
35
Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas and Ulva)
Supergroup: Archeaplastida Subgroup: Green Algae Representative: Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas and Ulva) Modes of motility: paired flagella distinguising charateristics: closest relative to land plants habitat: aquatic ecological role: biofuel Human importance: food
36
pros and cons of morphological classification and genetic classification
pro: morphological requires less machinary con: not everyone sees things the smae, protist are extremly diverse so we need somthing they have in common like genes
37
why are protist considered an informal classification
they do not form a monophylectic clade
38
Describe the major differences between the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota
zygomycota: asexual- some hyphae will develop sporangia sexual- adjacent hyphae of differnt mating types produce gametangia asomycota: asexual- proceeds with either spores or budding sexual- adjacent hyphae of differnt mating types fuse basidiomycota: asexual- NONE sexual- produce sexual spores called basidiospors through meiosis
39
what is the nutritional mode of fungi? - why is it well suited for symbiotic/parasitic relationships?
Saprotrophic nutrition - they absord nutrients from things around them so this makes it easy for them to absorb nutrients from the host.
40
why are fungi important to the enviornment? role as symbionts? decomposers? parasites/pathogens? human life?
- they return nutrients from decaying organisms back to soil (enviornment) - they make beer wine and cheese - filtration, biomediation, and soil fertility (decomposer) -loss of crops, food rot, loss of native forest (pathogens)
41
methods for identifying fungi?
spore prints- color, structure, shape morophology- cap color, cap shape, cap size, stem shape, size, color, gill spacing, color, attachment. we use reproductive structures
42
3 forms of lichen
Fruticose Foliose Crustose
43
describe the symbiotic relationship that creates lichens..
Fungus and alga live symbiotically
44
Describe how to tell if the photosynthetic organism is a cyanobacteria or a eukaryotic alga
reproduction methods
45
Describe mycorrhizae and how the relationship between fungus and plant is beneficial to both organisms
These fungi provide a larger network to deliver nutrients to the plant and receive sugars produced by the plant in return
46
What is DNA?
Nucleic Acid - charge Building blocks= nucleutides+ phosphate sugars Phosphate sugar backbone (deoxyribose) Four nucleotides (A, C, T, G)
47
Describe the steps of DNA Extraction
resuspension buffer lysis buffer incubate Binding of DNA to matrix neutrlization buffer wash colum elute DNA
48
Describe the purpose of PCR Describe the steps of PCR
1. To copy gene sequences 2. Denaturation- double strand to single strand Annealing- primers attach to ends of single strands Elongation/Extension- thermostable polymerase makes new double strands of DNA
49
Describe what a PCR primer is Why are primers needed? What do they do?
Oligonucleotide probes is the name they prime the ssDNA to be copied one moves 3’ to 5’ and vise versa
50
Describe the importance of Taq polymerase to the process of PCR
It is thermostable so we don’t have to add polymerase before the extension step of each cycle.
51
Describe the International Barcode of Life project What are the aims? Why?
1. There is a worldwide effort to “barcode” all species on Earth  International Barcode of Life Project (https://ibol.org/) 2. Create a genetic based identification system (DNA barcode) 3. humans are limited in their ability to recognize and recall morphological
52
Describe the pros and cons of using DNA barcoding when compared to morphological identification and classification of organisms
pro: it is a lot less work to use morphological techniques con: humans are limited in their ability to recognize and recall morphological variation
53
Gene regions used for DNA barcoding in each major group
Plants- plastids and ITS region of nuclear ribosomes Animals: CO1 gene in mitchondrial DNA Fungi: ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal gene

Bio Lab (3 decks)

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