Practical 1 Flashcards

LAB BIO II

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1
Q

parts of a microscope image

A

A- Ocular
C-Brightness control Know
D- Head
F- objective lense
J-stage
M-Arm
N- cors focus knob
O- fine focus knob

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2
Q

Both the ___ and the _____ help magnify your view on a microscope.

A

Oculars and Objective Lenses

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3
Q

How much magnification do oculars provide?

A

10x

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4
Q

What 3 magnifications do objectives provide?

A

4x 10x 40x

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5
Q

How do you calculate total magnification

whats the total magnification of 4x?

A

multiply number on objective by 10

40x

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6
Q

As the magnification of the objective lenses ______, the field of view or diameter of field______.

A

increases, decreases

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7
Q

As the magnification _____, the light intensity through the ocular lenses______.

A

increases, decreases

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8
Q

As the magnification _____, the working distance, or the distance between the objective lens and the slide, _____.

A

increases, decreases

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9
Q

summarize how to use a micropippette

A

select the corect pippette
add a pippette tip
push down to the first stop to suck up the liquid
push down to the second stop the release the liquid
release the pippette tip

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10
Q

Pippette P20 (2-20 ul)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 1. 2
2. 2. 0
0. 5. 0

2ul. 12.5ul. 20ul

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11
Q

Pippette P200 (20-200)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 1. 2
2. 2. 0
0. 5. 0

20ul. 125ul. 200ul

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12
Q

Pippette P100 (10-100)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 0. 1
1. 7. 0
0. 5. 0

10ul. 75ul. 100ul

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13
Q

Pippette P1000 (100-2000 ul)

A

Minimum ex. Maximum
0. 0. 1
1. 7. 0
0. 5. 0

100ul. 750ul. 1000ul

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14
Q

how to calculate accuracy?

A

actual value- measure value
—————————————- = accuarcy %
acttual value x 100

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15
Q

lab reports are written in the ___ person and the ____ tense.

A

3rd, past

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16
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

Pro: smaller, simpler, no nucleus (nucleiod region), no membrane bound organelles, binary fisson for replication.(DNA replicates and the cell splits)

Euk: larger, complex, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, numerous methods of replication

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17
Q

3 domains of life and what kind of cell they are

A

Eukarya- eukaryotic
Archea- prokaryotic
Bacteria- cyanobacteria- prokaryotic

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18
Q

Bacteria celll shapes

A

coccus
sprillia
bacillius

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19
Q

Groups of bacteria and their characteristics/importance

A

charateristics: peptidoglycan cell walls, cell membrane with a phosphlipid bilayer

importance: human disease, cyanobacteria first to produce oxygen

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20
Q

Gram Staining:
What feature of Bacteria is stained
Expected results of Gram Staining
Why does Gram Staining not work for Archaea?

A

The pebtidoglycan in cell walls
If the bacteria is gram negative it will be pink, if it is gram positive it will be purple.
Archa has pseudopetidoglycan in its cell walls not petidoglycan.

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21
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

gloves, sterile equiptment, flow hood, don’t talk to samples, don’t leave plates open.

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22
Q

antimicrobal Sensitivity Expirament rsult reading…

A

No zone- not sensitive
Zone above 0 but less than 1 cm- sensitive
zone greater than 1 cm- very sensitive

23
Q

Euglena spp.

A

Supergroup: Excavata
Subgroup: Euglenozoans
Representative: Euglena spp.
Modes of motility: flagellum
distinguising charateristics: pellicle
habitat: ponds
ecological role/Human importance: indicative of pulluted waterways

24
Q

Trypanosoma sp.

A

Supergroup: excavata
Subgroup: euglenozoans
Representative: trypansoma sp.
Modes of motility: flagellum
distinguising charateristics: kinetoplast
habitat: blood, soil, aquatic enviorn.
Human importance: parasitic

25
Q

Diatoms (navicula)

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: Stramenopiles
Representative: Diatoms (navicula)
Modes of motility: non-motile
distinguising charateristics: siliceo cell walls
habitat: aquatic enviorn.
ecological role: important in cold water

26
Q

Brown Algae (Saragassum sp.)

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: Stramenopiles
Representative: Brown Algae (sargassum sp.)
Modes of motility: none
distinguising charateristics: only multicellular representative
habitat: aquatic
Human importance: food

27
Q

Ciliates (parmercium sp.)

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: alveolates
Representative: Ciliates (parmecium sp)
Modes of motility: cilia
distinguising charateristics: saclike alveoli
habitat: aquatic

28
Q

Dinoflagellates (ceratium sp.)

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: Alveolates
Representative: Dinoflagellates (ceratium sp.)
Modes of motility: flagellum
distinguising charateristics: cellulost cell wall
habitat: aquatic
ecological role: algal blooms

29
Q

Apicomplexans (plasmodium sp.)

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: Alveolates
Representative: Apicomplexans (plasmodium sp)
Modes of motility: none
distinguising charateristics: complex organelle arangement
habitat: human blood

30
Q

Foraminiferans

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: Rhizarians
Representative: Foraminiferans
Modes of motility: pseudopodia
distinguising charateristics: calcium carbonate shell
habitat: aquatic
ecological role: limestond deposits

31
Q

Radiolarians

A

Supergroup: SAR
Subgroup: Rhizarians
Representative: Radiolarians
Modes of motility: axopodia
habitat: aquatic
ecological role: silica deposits

32
Q

Tubulinids (amoeba sp.)

A

Supergroup: Unikonta
Subgroup: Amoebozoans
Representative: Tubulinids (amoeba sp.)
Modes of motility: pseudopodia
distinguising charateristics: naked cells
habitat: soil and aquatic
ecological role: comsuming bacterial protist

33
Q

slime molds (physarum polycephalum)

A

Supergroup: unikonta
Subgroup: Amoebozoans
Representative: Slime molds
Modes of motility: ‘crawling’
distinguising charateristics: cellular ultra structure
habitat: moist forest floors
Human importance: biomedical research

34
Q

Rhodophyta

A

Supergroup: Archeaplastida
Subgroup: Red Algae
Representative: Rhodophyta
Modes of motility: none
distinguising charateristics: no flaggella
habitat: aquatic
ecological role: food

35
Q

Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas and Ulva)

A

Supergroup: Archeaplastida
Subgroup: Green Algae
Representative: Chlorophyta (Chlamydomonas and Ulva)
Modes of motility: paired flagella
distinguising charateristics: closest relative to land plants
habitat: aquatic
ecological role: biofuel
Human importance: food

36
Q

pros and cons of morphological classification and genetic classification

A

pro: morphological requires less machinary
con: not everyone sees things the smae, protist are extremly diverse so we need somthing they have in common like genes

37
Q

why are protist considered an informal classification

A

they do not form a monophylectic clade

38
Q

Describe the major differences between the Zygomycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota

A

zygomycota:
asexual- some hyphae will develop sporangia
sexual- adjacent hyphae of differnt mating types produce gametangia

asomycota:
asexual- proceeds with either spores or budding
sexual- adjacent hyphae of differnt mating types fuse

basidiomycota:
asexual- NONE
sexual- produce sexual spores called basidiospors through meiosis

39
Q

what is the nutritional mode of fungi?
- why is it well suited for symbiotic/parasitic relationships?

A

Saprotrophic nutrition
- they absord nutrients from things around them so this makes it easy for them to absorb nutrients from the host.

40
Q

why are fungi important to the enviornment?
role as symbionts? decomposers? parasites/pathogens? human life?

A
  • they return nutrients from decaying organisms back to soil (enviornment)
  • they make beer wine and cheese
  • filtration, biomediation, and soil fertility (decomposer)
    -loss of crops, food rot, loss of native forest (pathogens)
41
Q

methods for identifying fungi?

A

spore prints- color, structure, shape
morophology- cap color, cap shape, cap size, stem shape, size, color, gill spacing, color, attachment.
we use reproductive structures

42
Q

3 forms of lichen

A

Fruticose
Foliose
Crustose

43
Q

describe the symbiotic relationship that creates lichens..

A

Fungus and alga live symbiotically

44
Q

Describe how to tell if the photosynthetic organism is a cyanobacteria or a eukaryotic alga

A

reproduction methods

45
Q

Describe mycorrhizae and how the relationship between fungus and plant is beneficial to both organisms

A

These fungi provide a larger network to deliver nutrients to the plant and receive sugars produced by the plant in return

46
Q

What is DNA?

A

Nucleic Acid
- charge
Building blocks= nucleutides+ phosphate sugars
Phosphate sugar backbone (deoxyribose)
Four nucleotides (A, C, T, G)

47
Q

Describe the steps of DNA Extraction

A

resuspension buffer
lysis buffer
incubate
Binding of DNA to matrix
neutrlization buffer
wash colum
elute DNA

48
Q

Describe the purpose of PCR
Describe the steps of PCR

A
  1. To copy gene sequences
  2. Denaturation- double strand to single strand
    Annealing- primers attach to ends of single strands
    Elongation/Extension- thermostable polymerase makes new double strands of DNA
49
Q

Describe what a PCR primer is
Why are primers needed?
What do they do?

A

Oligonucleotide probes is the name
they prime the ssDNA to be copied
one moves 3’ to 5’ and vise versa

50
Q

Describe the importance of Taq polymerase to the process of PCR

A

It is thermostable so we don’t have to add polymerase before the extension step of each cycle.

51
Q

Describe the International Barcode of Life project
What are the aims?
Why?

A
  1. There is a worldwide effort to “barcode” all species on Earth  International Barcode of Life Project (https://ibol.org/)
  2. Create a genetic based identification system (DNA barcode)
  3. humans are limited in their ability to recognize and recall morphological
52
Q

Describe the pros and cons of using DNA barcoding when compared to morphological identification and classification of organisms

A

pro: it is a lot less work to use morphological techniques
con: humans are limited in their ability to recognize and recall morphological variation

53
Q

Gene regions used for DNA barcoding in each major group

A

Plants- plastids and ITS region of nuclear ribosomes
Animals: CO1 gene in mitchondrial DNA
Fungi: ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal gene