Practical 1 Flashcards
What muscles attach the axial skeleton to the pectoral girdle?
Extrinsic shoulder muscles move the scapula and are divided into anterior and posterior divisions.
Anterior: attach rib cage to pectoral girdle
- pectoralis minor
- serratus anterior
Posterior:
- trapezius
What muscles attach the axial skeleton to the humerous?
Anterior:
- pectoralis major: flexes the humerus
Posterior:
- latissimus dorsi: extends the humerus
What muscles attach the pectoral girdle to the humerus?
Deltoid muscle: moves the humerus, stabilizes the glenohumeral joint, and abducts the arm.
Rotator Cuff Muscles: stabilize the glenohumeral joint
- subscapularis
- supraspinatus
- infraspinatus
- teres minor
What muscles move the forearm?
The muscles that move the forearm do so at the elbow joint.
Biceps Brachii: flex the forearm and are powerful supinators
Triceps Brachii: extend the forearm
What muscles move the wrist?
Anterior: flex the wrist and have a common origin on the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
- Flexor carpi radialis
- Flexor carpi ulnaris
Posterior: extend the wrist and have a common origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.
- Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
- Extensor carpi ulnaris
What does biceps mean?
Two heads
What does triceps mean?
Three heads
What does brachii mean?
arm
What is the mystery muscle in the arm?
The mystery muscle is the palmaris longus that can have a bilateral occurrence, unilateral occurrence, or bilateral absence. It is superficial and inserts into connective tissues under the skin at the wrist. In surgery, it can be used as a graft for tendon.
What muscles move the thigh?
Anterior: flex the thigh
- iliopsoas
Posterior: extend the thigh from the gluteal region
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus minimus
What muscles move the leg?
Anterior:
- sartorius: crosses hip and knee to flex both joints
- quadriceps: solely act on the knee, extending it. These form the quadriceps tendon that insert on the patella which is connected to the tibia via the patellar ligament
Medial:
- adductors: move the thigh medially with minor movement of the leg
Posterior:
- hamstrings: extend the hip and flex the knee
What muscles move the foot and ankle?
Anterior:
- tibialis anterior: extends the foot (dorsiflexion)
Lateral:
- peroneus (fibularis) longus: evert the foot
Posterior: flex the foot (plantar flexion) and insert to form the Achilles tendon
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
-
What are the functions of the nervous system?
The nervous system controls voluntary and involuntary processes with three processes:
1) Sensory Input: gathers vital sensory information about external and internal environments with sensory nerves that detect input and travel through the body to communicate with other nerve cells.
2) Integration: incorporates simultaneous signals to create a picture of the environment.
3) Motor Output: appropriate response to input is sent by motor output signals through motor nerves that communicate from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal, smooth, or cardiac muscle, causing them to relax or contract.
What are the two subdivisions of the nervous system?
CNS: made of brain and spinal cord (control center)
PNS: composed of all nerves outside the brain and spinal cord (cranial, spinal, autonomic nervous system, and special sense organs)
What are the different divisions of the PNS?
Efferent (Motor): relays information from the CNS to target cells
Afferent (Sensory): relays information to the CNS
What is the difference between somatic and autonomic signalling?
Somatic: voluntary
Autonomic: involuntary
What is the difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic response?
Sympathetic: fight-or-flight
Parasympathetic: rest-and-digest
What are neurons?
Neurons are cells that are excitable and can generate and transmit rapid electrical signals to other neurons.
Dendrites: receive signal from other neurons and transfer it to the cell body.
Cell Body (soma): houses nucleus and organelles and functions to transfer electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon body.
Axon: carry signals from cell body to axon terminals where the signals are transferred to other neurons or organs.
What are the classifications of neurons?
Neurons are classified based on the number of processes they have.
Pseudounipolar: one cellular process that splits into a dendrite and an axon
Bipolar: have two distinct cellular processes (sight/hearing)
Multipolar: have multiple dendrites and one axon (most common- motor neurons)
What are supporting cells?
Supporting cells, known as neuroglia or glia, protect and support neurons, as well as aid in sending signals between neurons to improve communication. They do not generate nerve impulses.
Astrocytes: large star shaped cells in the CNS with numerous processes that communicate with neurons and blood vessels to maintain neural tissue integrity. (most abundant)
Microglia: small glial cells in the CNS that phagocytose pathogens and eliminate waste from other cells. (least common)
Ependymal: cuboidal and line cavities in the CNS for production, circulation, and monitoring of CSF.
Oligiodendrocytes: wrap around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath with many processes.
Schwaan Cells: form myelin sheath around axons in the PNS
What is myelin?
Myelin is a fatty coating around axons that appears white and insulates to increase the speed at which electrical signals travel.
The regions that are unmyelinated are nodes of Ranvier (neurofibril nodes).
What is the cerebrum?
The cerebrum makes up the bulk of the brain with telencephalon and diencephalon.
Discuss telencephalon.
Telencephalon interprets sensory signals, sends motor signals, and regulates decision making.
Cerebral Hemispheres:the cerebrum has the left and right hemispheres that are separated by the longitudinal fissure.
Cerebral Cortex: the outer layer of the cerebrum that appears a dark grey colour.
Sulci/Gyri: folding in the cerebrum increases surface area and functional capacity of neural tissue. Sulci are fissures and grooves that divide the brain into regions with different functions. Gyri are lumps and bumps that correspond to function. The precentral gyrus (motor cortex) sends motor output signals, while the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex) receives sensory input (touch).
Lobes: have specific functions and are named based after the overlying skull bones.
Grey Matter: has nerve cell bodies, short interneurons, and glial cells in the cerebral cortex/inner brain areas.
White Matter: has bundles of nerve fibres and axons that make up tracts for neural communication.
- Association: communication in 1 hemisphere
- Commissural: communicate between 2 hemispheres (corpus callosum)
- Projection Fibres: communication between brain and spinal cord
What is Lissencephaly?
a syndrome characterized by a lack of sulci and gyri that results in limited mental capacity, slow physical development, and life incompatibility after 10.