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ANAT 100 > Block Theory 1 > Flashcards

Block Theory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define anatomy.

A

Anatomy is the study of structure where parts of an organism are cut apart to ascertain their position, relation, structure, and function.

Anatomy includes histology, gross anatomy, neuroanatomy, and embryology.

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2
Q

Explain the organization of an organism.

A

Chemical: molecules are formed by bonded atoms
Cellular: cells are the smallest living structure composed of molecules and atoms
Tissue: similar cells perform specialized functions
Organ: two or more tissues that perform complex functions
Organ system: related organs that coordinate activities
Organismal: all body systems function interdependently

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3
Q

What are the two sections of the body?

A

Axial: formed the main vertical axis with the head neck and trunk

Appendicular: includes the limbs that attach to the body axis

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4
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

Integumentary: makes up the body covering with skin, hair, and nails

Skeletal: includes bones and joints

Muscular: has muscles that interact with the skeletal system for movement and support

Nervous: includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves

Endocrine: has glands that produce and secrete hormones with nervous tissue for integration and coordination

Digestive: long tube from mouth to anus

Respiratory: allows breathing with nose, passageways, and lungs

Cardiovascular: includes blood, blood vessels, and heart

Lymphatic: has lymphatic vessels, cells, and structures for immune response

Urinary: includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra to process and transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste with the respiratory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic systems

Reproductive: provides means for sexual maturation and procreation

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5
Q

What are the body cavities?

A

Cranial: brain
Vertebral: spinal cord
Mediastinum: esophagus and trachea
Pleural: lungs
Pericardial: heart
Abdominal: abdominal viscera
Pelvic: bladder and reproductive organs

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6
Q

Define the directional terms

A

Superior (cranial) / Inferior (caudal): above / below

Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal): in front / behind

Medial / Lateral: toward midline / away from midline

Proximal / Distal: near origin / away from origin

Superficial / Deep: closer to surface / farther from surface

Parietal / Visceral: body walls / lines viscera

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7
Q

Define the body planes

A

Sagittal: vertical plane dividing into left and right
Coronal: vertical plane dividing into interior and posterior
Horizontal: horizontal plane dividing into superior and inferior
Oblique: passes the body at an angle
Longitudinal: perpendicular to horizontal plane

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8
Q

What is epithelium?

A

Epithelium is tissue with apposed cells and no intercellular substance.

Covering: cover the external and internal surfaces
Glandular: produce and secrete product like hormones

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9
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelium?

A

Cellularity: joined by junctions (tight, adhering, desmosomes, and gap)

Polarity: apical surface to exterior and basal surface to underlying tissue

Attachment: cells are attached to the basal lamina

Avascularity: no direct blood supply, so nutrients is obtained from underlying tissue

Regeneration: cells are continuously renewed

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10
Q

What are the functions of epithelium?

A

Support/Protection: protects underlying tissue from injury, pathogens, and dehydration

Permeability: absorbs substances into the body

Sensation: specialized cells detect sensory stimuli

Secretion: specialized cells secrete substances like lubricating oil, enzymes, and hormones

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11
Q

What are the different classifications of epithelium?

A

Epithelium can be classified by organization and shape.

Organization: simple, 1 cell thick, or stratified, two or more cells thick
Shape: squamous, flat and wide, cuboidal, cube shaped, or columnar, tall

Simple squamous: in blood vessels for energy efficiency with transport
Simple cuboidal: found lining glands in kidney tubules
Simple columnar: in GI tract for rapid secretion and absorption
Stratified squamous: in skin to protect structures from abrasion and damage
Stratified cuboidal: in gland ducts for secretion, protection, and strength
Stratified columnar: in male urethra for secretion and protection

Transitional: domed when relaxed and flat when stretched in the bladder, theaters, and proximal urethra
Pseudostratified: have cilia that move mucus in the respiratory tract

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12
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue is the most widespread, diverse, and abundant tissue with either gel like softness or hardness.

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13
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Support/Protection: skull protects brain, fat protects kidneys

Structure: cartilage protects structures made of bone

Medium for exchange: blood carries gases, nutrients, waste, and cells

Storage/Repair: bone stores minerals, fat stores energy

Defense: physical barrier, white blood cells, and antibody protection with plasma

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14
Q

What are the components of connective tissue?

A

Cells: connective tissue varies in the amount of cells. These cells can be fixed, which are permanent like fibre blasts, or wandering, which are transient migrants from the blood in response to stimuli.

Fibers: peptide chains that caused diverse functions. these can be elastic, which are thin branched and wavy with rubber material to stretch, collagen, which are flexible with high tensile strength, or reticular, which are thin and branched with no alignment.

Ground substance: occupies space with high water content, transparency, colorless, and viscosity

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15
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper:
- Loose CT: high in ground substance but low in fibres like adipose tissue, where adipocytes make the most volume for padding, heat insulation, and packing around structures.
- Dense CT: low in ground substance but high in fibres like elastic tissue, with bundles of thick elastic fibres collagen and fibroblasts for stretching and recoiling

Specialized connective tissue:
- Blood: have cells and proteins for various functions
- Lymph: interstitial fluid in thin walled lymphatic vessels that transport into the cardiovascular system

Supporting connective tissue:
- Cartilage: firm tissue in joints, vertebrae, ears, nose, and bronchial tubes with cells, chondrocytes located through ground substance, fibers, collagen or elastic, ground substance, firm gel making cartilage solid, perichondrium, density regular connective tissue that provides nutrients, and Lochnay, spaces that house chondrocytes. Hyaline, is strong, rubbery, and flexible tissue that bears and distributes weight in the joints, nose, trachea, bronchi, and ribs. fibrocartilage is tough and inflexible to resist compression in intervertebral discs and the pubis symphysis. Elastic cartilage is the most flexible in the external ear, eustachian tube, and epiglottis.
- Bone: Provide support, locomotion, protection, blood cell production, and mineral metabolism. 1/3 is organic with cells, fibers, and ground substance. 2/3 is inorganic with minerals and salts that give rigidity. Osteons formed these bone tissue with the Havershan canal and concentric rings.

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16
Q

Briefly define the skeletal system

A

The skeletal system is composed of bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments with 206 named bones that are divided into axial and appendicular divisions accounting for 20% of our body mass.

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support: provides framework that anchors all soft organs

Protection: rib cage and closes the thoracic cavity while the skull protects the brain

Blood cell formation: haematopoiesis occurs in marrow cavities

Storage: fat and the bone matrix reserve minerals

Movement: skeletal muscles use bones as levers

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18
Q

What is the bone composition and types?

A

Outer cortical layer: hard and strong compact bone
Inner cancellous layer: porous and spongy bone
Medullary cavity: holds bone marrow for production of blood cells

What types of bones are flat, irregular, long, and short.

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19
Q

Explain the composition of long bones

A

Long bones have an elongated cylindrical shaft. They are the most common bone in the body.

Epiphysis: farms joints and attachment sites for ligaments or tendons
Metaphysics: the region in between the epiphysis and diaphysis
Diaphysis: the elongated cylindrical shaft

Articular cartilage: reduces friction and absorbs shock in joints
Periosteum: a tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue
Medullary cavity: produces blood cells

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20
Q

How many bones does the skull have?

A

The skull has 22 bones in total which are divided into cranial and facial

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21
Q

What are the cranial bones?

A

8 bones make up the cranium for brain protection with a cranial vault and cranial base in closing the brain in the cranial cavity.

Frontal: 1 bone that forms the forehead and roof of orbits
Parietal: 2 bones that form the surface of the skull
Temporal: 2 bones that have the zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, and mastoid process
Occipital: 1 bone that has the foramen magnum and occipital condyles
Sphenoid: 1 bone that joins the cranium and facial bones (keystone)

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22
Q

What are sutures?

A

Sutures are the articulations between the skulls flatbones. These are coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, and squamous.

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23
Q

What are the facial bones?

A

There are 14 bones that make up the face.

Maxillary: 2 bones that make the upper jaw
Nasal: 2 bones that form the nose bridge
Zygomatic: 2 bones that form the cheekbones with the temporal process
Mandible: 1 bone that forms the lower jaw

24
Q

Explain the composition of the vertebral column

A

The vertebral column has 24 vertebrae, 1 sacrum, and 1 coccyx for spinal cord protection. there are 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacrum vertebrae, and 4 coccyx vertebrae. These vertebrae have a body, vertebral arch, and vertebral foreman which forms the vertebral canal to house the spinal cord.

C1 (atlas): articulates with dens and occipital condyles
C2 (axis): dens rests in C1 interior arch

25
Q

 what are the vertebral articulations?

A

Intervertebral disc: fibrocartilage between vertebrae that absorbs shock

Intervertebral foramina: lateral openings that allow passage of nerves

26
Q

What is the skeletal structure of ribs?

A

There are 12 pairs of ribs. Ribs 1-7 are true, 8-10 are false, and 11-12 are floating. Ribs are long, flat, and twisted.

27
Q

What is the sternum?

A

The sternum makes the anterior portion of the thoracic cage with the manubrium, which articulates with rib 1, body, which articulates with ribs 2-7, and the xiphoid process

28
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Scoliosis is the lateral curvature of the spine. It is also known as twisted disease. Scoliosis causes abnormal placement of the thoracic cavity compressing the lungs and causing difficulty breathing.

29
Q

Explain the composition of the upper limb.

A

30 bones make up the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand.

Pectoral girdle: connects upper limb to axial skeleton
- Clavicle: joins the manubrium and scapula
- Scapula: has coracoid process to stabilize the shoulder joint, acromion, spine, and glenoid fossa that makes up the shoulder joint

Humerous: forms shoulder and elbow joints

Forearm:
- Radius: articulates with capitulum, ulna, and carpal bones
- Ulna: looks like a pipe wrench with trochlear notch and olecranon

Wrist: 8 carpal bones (short)
Hand: 5 metacarpal bones (long)
Digits: 14 phalanges (long)

30
Q

Explain the composition of the lower limb

A

30/31 bones make up the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.

Pelvic girdle: connects lower limb to axial skeleton with the innominate bones: ileum, ischium, and pubis
- Greater sciatic notch: passes nerves and vessels from pelvic cavity to limb
- Lesser sciatic notch: passes structures from pelvic cavity to genital region
- Acetabulum: articulates with femur for hip joint
- Obturator foramen: passes nerves and blood vessels

Femur: head forms hip joint and has bumps for muscle attachment, and a distal end forms knee joint with groove for a patella

Leg:
- Tibia: weight bearing bone of the leg
- Fibia: provides lateral stability to the ankle joint

Ankle: 7 tarsal bones (short)
Foot: 5 metatarsals (long)
Digits: 14 phalanges (long)

31
Q

Explain articulation and the different movements

A

Articulations, or joints, are where bone meets another bone, cartilage, or teeth. Articulations very instability and mobility. As one increases, the other decreases. Articulations are classified by structure, the material they are made out of, and function, the movement allowed.

Synovial joints are joints for articulating bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with the fluid filled cavity.

Gliding: bones slide on one another

Angular: changes a joint angle
- Flexion: decreases angle
- Extension: increases angle
- Abduction: away from the midline
- Adduction: toward the midline

Rotation: joint pivots around its own axis
- Medial: toward the midline
- Lateral: away from the midline

Supination/pronation: rotation of the radius over ulna 

Inversion/eversion: twisting of the ankle

Circumduction: continuous combination of angular motion

32
Q

What are the different types of muscles in the muscular system?

A

Skeletal: move the human body with attachment to bones via tendons. They are striated, multinucleated, are long cylindrical rods, have peripheral nuclei, and are voluntary.

Cardiac: contracts heart rhythmically width modulation from neural activity and hormones. They are striated, uni/multinucleated, branched, have central nuclei, intercalated discs, and are involuntary.

Smooth: can be generally inactive or rhythmic, controlled by the nervous system are hormones. They are not striated, uni/multinucleated, Have a fusiform shape, central nuclei, and are involuntary.

33
Q

How are muscles characterized?

A

Morphological:
-Striated: light/dark bands and long muscle fibres
-Smooth: fusiform cells without striations

Functional:
-Voluntary: consciously controlled
-Involuntary: not consciously controlled

34
Q

What are the functions of the muscular system?

A

Excitability: the ability of muscle to receive and respond to electrical nerve signals or hormone stimulation.

Contractility: when excited, muscles shorten and contract.

35
Q

Explain skeletal muscle

A

Skeletal muscle helps in speaking, walking, and writing with attachment to the skeletal system and 700 muscles that account for 1/2 the body weight. These are discrete organs composed of skeletal muscle, epithelial, connective, and nervous tissue.

36
Q

What are the functions of skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle contracts to bring bones closer together by attaching to two bones across a joint.

-Produce movement
-Provide posture and stability
-Regulate excretion and swallowing
-Produce heat
-Protect internal organs

37
Q

What is the organization of skeletal muscle?

A

Connective tissue surrounds muscle tissue, attaching muscle to bone by being continuous with tendons. The connective tissue has an epimysium, paramycium, and endomysium layer.

38
Q

Explain the structure of a muscle cell

A

Each microfibre has myofibrils with myofilaments

Sarcolemma: cell membrane that holds nuclei, myofibrils, and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Nuclei: multinucleated toward the outside of the myofibre
Myofibril: structural unit of the muscle cell
Myofilaments: contractile units of the muscle cell
Sarcoplasmic reticulum: stores calcium for muscle function
T-tubules: transmit nerve stimulation to sarcoplasmic reticulum

39
Q

Explain the composition and movement of myofilaments

A

Myofilaments are organized into sarcomeres with thin actin and thick myosin that slide over each other to shorten the sarcomere and increase muscle tension.

A-band: thick and thin filaments make the band dark
Z-Line: zigzag proteins at the end of each sarcomere where thin filaments attach
M-line: protein down the midline where thick filaments attach
I-band: thin filaments make the band light. This is where sarcomeres are transversed

40
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Muscles of facial expression insert into the skin and contract to produce facial expression.

Frontalis: lifts eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
Zygomaticus: draws mouth superiorly and posteriorly to smile
Orbicularis Oculi: forcefully closes the eye
Orbicularis Oris: enables puckering of the lips

41
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

Temporalis: elevates and pulls the mandible posteriorly to retract

Masseter: elevates and protracts the jaw

42
Q

What are the muscles that move the neck and head?

A

Sternocleidomastoid: flexes the neck bilaterally, and rotates the head unilaterally

Semispinalis Capitis: extends the neck bilaterally, and turns the face unilaterally

Splenius Capitis: extends the neck bilaterally, and flexes or rotates the neck unilaterally

43
Q

What are the muscles of the thorax?

A

External intercostals: anterior/inferior fibres for inspiration

Internal intercostals: posterior/inferior fibres for expiration

44
Q

What are the muscles of the back?

A

Erector Spinae: keep spine erect by running down both sides of the spinal column

45
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal wall?

A

External oblique: anterior/inferior fibres

Internal oblique: anterior/superior fibres

Transversus abdominis: runs horizontally (doesn’t rotate vertebral column)

Rectus abdominous: lies on sides of linea alba, separated by the tenderness intersections to help in trunk flexion and forced expiration

Most muscles bilaterally flex the vertebral column and compress the walls for expiration, and unilaterally flex and rotate the vertebral column

46
Q

Where are the smallest bone and muscle in your body located?

A

In your middle ear

47
Q

What does the average human brain weigh?

A

About 3 pounds

48
Q

How many times its size, human adult stomach expand?

A

The stomach can expand up to four times its size, holding nearly 2 L

49
Q

How many feet long is the human digestive tract?

A

29 feet long

50
Q

What organ is roughly the same size of your fist?

A

The heart

51
Q

Can humans survive with just one lung?

A

Yes, given limitations to physical activity

52
Q

Without functioning collagen, what could you expect? (Ehlers-Danilo’s Syndrome)

A

Without functioning collagen, you can expect laxity or looseness in tissue. With the following symptoms of loose skin with high elasticity, fragile skin that cannot resist large forces, flexible joints, joint pain, and arthritis.

53
Q

Compare and contrast the pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle.

A

Both the pelvic and pectoral girdle‘s function to connect the appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton. Additionally, the glenoid fossa and acetabulum are both structures that articulate with the rounded head of long bones, the humerus and femur respectively. There is a difference in the number and size of bones between the girdles. Since the lower limb plays a critical role in bearing weight and locomotion, the pelvic girdle is larger and has more bones as compared to the pectoral girdle.

54
Q

Compare and contrast the femur and humerus

A

Both the humerus and femur are similar in structure with hats, necks, and medial and lateral condyle‘s. However since the femur plays a critical role in supporting the bodies weight, it is larger in size with a wider shaft, a larger and more circular head, and larger condyles.

55
Q

Compare and contrast the leg and forearm

A

There are two bones in both the form and the leg, the radius/ulna and the tibia/fibula. However there is a size difference. The bones in the forearm are similar in size to one another. On the other hand, since the tibia is the weight bearing bone in the lower leg, it is much wider than the fibula.

56
Q

What are all of the different joints in order of increasing stability?

A

Glenohumeral joint (shoulder), Hip joint, elbow joint, intervertebral joints, sutures

ANAT 100 (5 decks)

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