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Pharmacology 1 > Pract 5, 6, 7 > Flashcards

Pract 5, 6, 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Solution:

A
  • System: Homogenous disperse
  • Solvent: liquid
  • Solute: Solid/gas/liquid
  • Precipitate: No, clear
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2
Q

Emulsion:

A
  • System: heterogenous dusperse (o/w, w/o)
  • Solvent: liquid
  • Solute: liquid
  • Precipitate: yes, liquid

bigger than 500nm = NEVER IV

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3
Q

Suspension:

A
  • System: heterogenous disperse
  • solvent: liquid
  • solute: solid
  • precipitate: yes, solid

bigger than 500nm = NEVER IV

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4
Q

Microemulsion/microsuspension:

A

very small -> can be used IV

Microemulsion:

  • propofol
  • microlipid infusion (used when they cant eat)

Microsuspension:

  • Fenbendazole and Flubendazole = antiparasitic agent. Fine powderm miced in water.
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5
Q

W/O and O/W systems:

A
  • Weaper O: w/o = oil is the largest phase. water in oil
  • Oper W: o/w = water is the largest phase. Oil dissolved in water
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6
Q

Injection vs Infusion

A

both: Liquid - parenteral

Injection (injectio):

  • solution, Emulsion, Suspension, Microemulsion, Microsuspension
  • smaller than 100ml

Infusion (infusio):

  • solution, microemulsion
  • More than 500ml

can be given SC

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7
Q

Injection, infusion - requirements:

A

Requirement for all:

  • sterile
  • pyrogen-free (pyrogen = fever)
  • isotonic
  • isohydric (pH between 5 and 7)

+ homogenous, particle free (solution)

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8
Q

Liquids for Oral and Rectal use:

A
  • solution
  • emulsion
  • suspension
  • syrup (sirups): better taste, much sugar. not frequently used in Vet.med
  • Elixir, mixture: have alcohol content. Do not give in case of liver failure
  • Extract (extractum, Tinctura): can be dry, water and alcoholic. Substract substances from herbal parts. Do not give to liver failure patients!
  • Drop for oral use (Gutta): when you only need a small dose. Not frequently used.
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9
Q

Liquid for skin, mucous membrane:

A
  • solution
  • emulsion
  • suspension
  • spot on/ pour on
  • shampoo
  • teat dip solution
  • extract
  • inrauterin solution, suspension
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10
Q

Liquid for ophthalmology:

A
  • solution, suspension
  • sterile!
  • active agent (AB, GC, NSAID, emetics, drug acting on autonomous NS)
  • vehicle: same as binders, give volume (Water, castor oil, but sterile!)
  • preservative (benzalkonium chloride)
  • expiration date: quicker when you open it, only for four weeks.
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11
Q

Difference between Steriods and NSAIDS in ophthalmology:

A

Steroid:

  • glucocorticoids

= causes immune suppression, so never use incase of viral infections

= decrease the healing of cornea

= use flourossence test –> turns green in case of damage

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12
Q

Liquid for - Otology, nasal cavity

A
  1. Ear cleaner: contain detergent and antiseptic agent to remove the discharge
  2. Ear drop (otogutta):
    - solution, suspension
    - active agent (AB, antifungal, GC, antiparasitic…)
    - vehicle (water, alcohol, propylene glycol…)
    - Malassezia pachydermatitis: yeast fungi in otitis externa
    - Pseudomonas aeroginosa: bacteria in otitis externa
  3. Nasal drop (nasogutta): BbPi
  4. nasal spray
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13
Q

Semi-solid:

  • field of application and dose form:
A
  1. Skin, mucous membrane:
    - Ointment (unguentum), Cream (cremor), Gel (gelum)
  2. Oral:
    - Gel (gelum), Paste (pasta), Electuaries (Electuarium)
  3. Eye:
    - Eye ointment (Oculentum)
  4. Mammary gland:
    - Intraammary infusion
  5. Rectum, Vagina:
    - Suppository (suppositorium), Vaginal suppository (Ovulum)
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14
Q

Semi-solid:

  • properties
A
  1. active agent - various
  2. homogenous appearance:
  3. body temp does not melt it
  4. local or systemic effect
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15
Q

Semi-solid ointment Active compounds:

A
  • Antibiotics, antimycotic, antiviral agents.
  • NSAIDS, glucocorticoids, antihistamine
  • coating, antiseptic agents
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16
Q

Semi-solid ingredients:

A

VEHICLE:

Lipophilic:

  • fats and oils: cocoa butter, oils (sunflower, eanut, castor, cod liver oil), hard fat
  • hydrocarbons: vaseline and paraffins
  • Waxes and wax alcohols: wool wax (Lanolin), honey bee wax, cetostearyl alcohol

= can not wash it with water, longer duration than hydrophilic

Hydrophilic:

  • natural polymers: cellulose, gelatine, starch
  • syntehtic polimers: macrogols (polyxyethylenes), and polysorbates (tween).
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17
Q

Semi-solid ointment w/o:

A

can not be washed with water

  • hydrous ointment
  • emollient ointment
  • (simple ointment)
  • (oily ointment)
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18
Q

Semi-solid ointment o/w:

A
  • nonionic hydrophilic ointment
  • anionic hydrophilic ointment
  • (noniunic emulsifying ointment)
  • (anionic emusifyying ointment)
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19
Q

Semi-solid:

cream, gel

A

Cream:

  • emuslion system
  • hydrophilic o/w

–> emulsifiers: Na-soap, Polysorbate

  • lipophilic w/o

–> emuslifiers: Wool wax alcohol

Gel:

  • gellifying agent: starch, cellulose, colloid SiO2
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20
Q

Semi-solid - eye ointment:

  • active agent, Vehicle
A

Active agent:

  • AB, GC…. same as eye drops

Vehicle:

  • opthalmic white vaseline
  • simple eye ointment
  • hydrous eye ointment

= like the ointment, but always sterile!

= they always need to have eye or the opthalmic word in them

  • sterile!
  • longer duration of action than eye drops!
21
Q

Semi-solid - intramammary infusion

  • properties
A
  1. sterile
  2. soft suspension, emulsion
  3. prevention, treatment
  4. lactating (Lactating Cow (LC) repeat in 12 hours, Milking Cow (MC))
    - dry cow (DC): will stay there for a longer period. To preent infection. Lower WP than LC and MC.
    - difference in ingredients: DC = Bismuth salts (closes the teat canal)
22
Q

Semi-solid - intramammary infusion

  • composition
A
  1. Active Agents:
    - AB, GC, enzymes, antioxidants
    - bismuth salts
  2. Vehicle:
    - liquid paraffin
    - white vaseline
    - medium chain triglycerides
23
Q

Semi-solid - intramammary infusion

  • application:
A
  1. udder wash
  2. disinfection (chlorhexidin used as antiseptic)
  3. milk out
  4. infusion through the teat channel (1syringe/teat)
  5. a) lactating –> milk out again after 12 hr, than repeat
  6. b) Dry –> last milk out (WP)
24
Q

Semi-solid - suppository:

  • properties, active agent, vehicle
A

Rectum and vagina

Properties:

  • Body temp: softening –> melting
  • Local (eg. obstipation) and systemic (eg. diazepam) effect

Active agent:

  • anticonvulsive, antipyretic, painkiller
  • faecal softener, antiseptic

Base/vehicle:

  • solid fat
  • cocoa butter
25
Q

Semi-solid - electuraries

  • properties (ative agent, vehicle):
A

= a powder you mic to something tasty so the animal will eat it. Orally. Not authorised, you mix it yourself

Active agent: weak! <– imprecise

Active agent: solid (powder)

Vehicle:

  • syrup, molasses, jam
26
Q

Gaseous

  • classification by usage
A
  1. inhalational (inhalanda - gas)
  2. external (skin, mucous membrane - foam, spray)
  3. Environment (foam, spray, gas)
  4. Teat spray
  5. Impregnated-, smoking strip (honey bee)
  6. Vagina, rectum - foam, spray
27
Q

Gaseous - inhalational

  • Base and container:
A

Base:

  1. Gas (N2O, O2): should always be combined with other anastetic agents
  2. Liquid: evaporates
    - isoflurane, sevoflurane
    - GC - fluticasone, beclomethazone: asthma
    - B2 agonist - terbutaline, formoterol, salmeterol : bronchodilation in ling asthma
  3. Solid: human

Container:

  1. compressed gas
  2. propellant
  3. mechanical
28
Q

Gaseous - impregnated, smoking strips:

A

treatment of honey bees.

Impregnated strip (smoking strip): into the bee hive. Smoke contain the A.S need to be lighted

  • honey bees, external parasites (Varroa destructor) - mites
    1. Volatile oil:
  • thymol, caphor, menthol, eucaplyptus
  • safer agents - good
    2. Formic acid, oxalic acid:
  • sage agents - natural products
    3. Amitraz:
  • not natural - more dangerous. Acts agains all arthropods, also the bees
    4. Flumethrin: used in pyrethroid. parasitic agent, repellent effect
  • not natural - more dangerous. Acts agains all arthropods, also the bees
    5. Coumaphos: organo sulphate, also used for nerve gas in boar
  • not natural - more dangerous. Acts agains all arthropods, also the bees
29
Q

Colloid chemical classigication of drug formulations:

A

Incoherent formulations:

  • Heterogenous (>500nm): powders, emulsion, suspension, granules.
  • Colloidal (1-500nm): colloidal solution, some stock solution
  • Homogenous (<1nm): solutions, tinctures

Coherent formulations: (water included)

  • Heterogenous: oiintment, pastes, creams, tablets, suppositories
  • Colloidal: gels
30
Q

Liquid drug formulations-emulsions definition:

A
  • liquid preparations in which the active ingredient(s) is/are dispersed (emulsified) in a suitable liquid vehicle (disperive phase)
  • in case of the emulsion the dispersed phase is liquid
31
Q

Liquid drug formulations-suspension definition:

A

active preparation in which the active ingredient(s)

  • is/are dispersed (suspended) in a suitable liquid behicle (dispersive phase)
  • in case of the suspension the dispersed phase is solid
32
Q

Semisolid preparations-ointments and creams definitions:

A

Ointment:

  • an ointment consists of a single-phase base in which solids or liquids may be dispersed

Cream:

  • multiphase preparations consisting of a lipophilic phase and a aqueous phase
33
Q

Washability of ointment bases:

  • steps to be taken
A
  • cover the surface of the slide with the selected ointment base
  • put it into the beaker (45*C) and add water drops to it (20 ml/min, total 50ml)
  • measure the size of the surface remained without ointment base

Based on this assya you can detect:

  • hydrocarbon ointment bases (applied in case of skin irritative agents or for coating effects
  • emulsion-type w/o or o/w cream
  • hydrogels/macrogol ointment
34
Q

Moisturizing cream:

  • method
A
  • heat the ointment base to around 70*C
  • add the heated mixture of glycerol, sodium lauryl sulphate and purified water to the melted mixture of microcrystalline paraffin, liquid paraffin and cetosearylalcohol under continous stirring.
  • stir the cream until it cools then add purified water to reach the final mass.
  • add lemon oil and mix it at once
  • labelling: externally. keep in a cold place.
35
Q

Suppositories:

  • method
A
  • wipe the casting moulds with the liquid paraffin and put them into the refrigerator (+5*C)
  • heat the base hard fat until it gets opalescent
  • add the active ingredient to the base while you are stirring it
  • pour it into the casting mould
  • put the matric back to the refrigerator
  • when the suppositories are firm they can be taken out from their moulds and wrapped one by one
  • package and labelling
36
Q

The aim of enteric coating in capsules:

A
  • protection of active substanve or gastric mucosa
  • intestine targeted therapy
  • acid liable drugs: erythromycin, omeprazol, enzymes…
37
Q

Common pH-sensitive polymers used in drug delivery:

A
  • aminoalkyl meethacrylate copolymer (Eudragit E)
  • Poly (methacrylic acid-co-methyl methacrylate) (Eudragit L/S)
  • Hydroxypropyl-methylcellulose phthalate (HPMC-P)
38
Q

Functions of ingredients in capsules:

A
  • Resin: shellac
  • Polymer: alginate, CAP, RVAP, HPMC, EC, HPC
  • plasticizer: triethyl citrate
  • Preservative: sorbates
  • Lubricant: plamitic acid
  • Sweetner: sucrose, honey
  • Opacifier: titanium oxide
39
Q

Antiulcer drugs:

A
  1. Antiacids
  2. inhibition of acid secretion:
    - H2-antagonist
    - proton-pump inhibitors –> the effect is prolonged because you need to wait for the revirsible effect
  3. Enhancer of mucous membrane:
    - PGE-analogs
    - Sucralfat
    - Bizmuth salts
40
Q

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPI):

A

Omeprazole, Pantoprazole

Pharmakokinetics:

  • acid sensitive –> capsules, coated tablets. 30min before meal
  • effect: 2-6 hr (IV. slow)
  • Accumulation in parietal cells (max effect after 3-4 days) –> prolonged

Doses:

  • 0.71.5 mg/kg SID oral (Ca, Fe)
  • 4 mg/kg SID oral (eq)
  • WP: gradual after 3-4 weeks (rebound)
  • Dysbacteriosis -> probiotics
41
Q

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP):

A

GMP requires that medicines:

  • are of consistent high quality
  • are appropriate for their intended use
  • meet the requirements of the marketing authroisation or clinical trial authorisation

The environmental conditions, maufacturing process, procedures, materials, etc… have to be controlled even in- process and well-dokumeted.

Harmonisation of GMP ativites at Europen Uniun level: EMA

42
Q

Routes of administration:

A

External: mostly local effect (except spot on, pour on and fentanyl patch)

  • Skin, mucous membrane
  • ear, eye, nose

Internal: mainly systemic effect

  • Enteral: oral + tube, rectal
  • Parenteral: SC, IM, IV, IP, IA, IO, IC, ID.
  • Other: udder, airways, uterus, vagina
43
Q

Horse:

  • Routes of administration, characterization
A
  1. Medicated feed:
    - disadvantage: nor sure about the exact amount consumed
    - needs to have huge TI!
  2. Orogastric tube:
    - more presise
    - activated charcoal in toxaemia.
    - they dont want to swallow it, therefore this is a good method
  3. Gel/paste:
    - nice flavour; carrot, apple
    - chewable tabl.
  4. IV injection:
    - mostly used
  5. IM injection:
    - Often lead to an abscess
  6. Intrauterine tablet:
    - not frequent, they dont tolerate it

NO SC!

44
Q

Ruminants

  • Routes of administration, characterization
A
  1. Oral (feed, water, drench):
    - you can not give AB orally to a Ru, because it will kill all the microbes. Only to calves less than 2 months
    - drench: gives the same amount every time. good for a big herd
  2. Intraruminal device:
    - deworming.
    - long prolongation. Long WP
  3. Pour on
  4. Intrauterine tabl
  5. Intravagina drug delivery system
  6. intramammary infusion
  7. IV injection: V.jugularis
  8. IM injection: neck + butt
  9. SC injection: neck + behind the ears
  10. Spray (like swine)
45
Q

Swine

  • Routes of administration, characterization
A

Mostly mass medication! - except in valuable breeder animal

  1. Oral (feed, water, drench)
  2. IM injection: neck + butt.
    - neck mostly used, less valuable meat
  3. SC injection: skin behind ears
  4. Spray:
    - external. Local AB or antiparasitic
  5. Nasal drop (notril):
    - used in piglets in small amounts when they can not open their mouth. they will swallow it

NO IV! can be given in V.auricularis, but not frequent

46
Q

Poultry:

  • Routes of administration, characterization
A
  1. M. feed: most common
    - they can see it in the feed, and select it out
  2. M. drinking water: most common
    - most preferred!
    - they will more likely drink if they are sick rather than eat
  3. Tube: not frequent
  4. Spraying: AB or antiparasitic
  5. IM injection: pectorals
  6. SC injection: Skin of the neck
  7. Fumigation/vapours: used for vaccination in farms. inhalation
    8: IV. vein under the wing. not frequent
47
Q

Drug administration to farm aninals on a large scale:

  • external
A

Without fixation:

  • dustbag, dusting gate (antiparasitic)
  • Footbath: RU. Antiseptic agents ZnSO4, CuSO4.
  • sprayin

With fixation:

  • Dipping (remember sheep!) AS: amitraz diaziron.
  • pour on
  • impregnated ear tag
48
Q

Drug administration to farm animals on a large scale:

  • Internal
A

Without fixation:

  • medicated feed
  • medicated drniking water
  • salty blocks

With fixation:

  • drench
  • mass vaccination
  • fumigation, vapours (fogger)

Pharmacology 1 (12 decks)

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