1st lab test Flashcards
Sources of drugs:
1: veterinary authorised medicines (non-immunological drugs + immunologicals) 2: human authorised medicines 3. Official (pharmacopoeias) and Prepared medicines 4: Biocides (disinfectants, insecticides, rodenticides) 5: Complementary products (vitamins, minerals, natural herbal etc.)
to be called “Veterinary authorised medicines” the medicine must contain:
- unique name, dose form, package - target animal species + indication - efficacy and safety in target animals - WP!
Veterinary authorised medicines drug cascade:
If no vet. authorised drug for that species or indication:
2nd: other indication
2nd: other species
3rd: human authorised medicine
4th: official or prepared medicine
(failure to treat animals according to the cascade is a criminal offence)
Withdrawal periods in case of “Off Label” use:
determined by the vet, and can not be shorter than: - Eggs: 7 days - Milk: 7 days - Meat: 28 days - Fish: 500 degree days (depends on the temp of the water. higher temp = faster metabolism): 500dd = Twater x days
122/2013 EC:
list of substances essential for the treatment of equidae: 6 months!
37/2010 EC:
- table 1: authorized substances - table 2: prohibited substances
(AVM-GSL):
Authorised Veterinary Medicine – General Sales List;
- can be sold without any restrictions (shop, gas stations, pharmacies, veterinarians etc.)
- no prescription
- can be advertised to the general public
(NFA-VPS)
Non-Food Animal – Veterinarian, Pharmacist, Suitably Qualified Person (SQP);
- can be sold in pharmacies (over the counter) by the veterinarian or registered SQP)
- no prescription
- can be advertised to the general public
(POM-V):
Prescription-only Medicine – Veterinarian
- can be sold in the pharmacies only (with a valid prescription!!)
- can be sold by the veterinarian (animal under his/her care)
- controlled drugs (CD) –> 5 schedules
(POM-VPS):
Prescription only medicine - veterinarian, pharmacist, suitably qualified person
- prescription can also be written by a pharmacist or a SQP operating from premises registered with the VMD
- mainly for food producing animals, medicines for prevention (antiparasitic, vaccines…)
- animal does not have to be under the prescriber’s care
- can be advertised to the general public.
(ESPA):
Exemption of Small Pet Animals products
- for minor species of small animals - can be sold without any restrictions
Homeopathic remedies:
- “like cure like” - very small dose, high dilution, eg: 10^-12, 10^-60
Storage conditions of drugs:
- Room temp: max 25-30 *C - Refrigerated temp: 2-8 *C - Deep frozen: < -15*C - Should not kept frozen: > 2*C
Expiration:
- authorized vet/human medicine: usually 2-5 years
- prepared medicine: days- months
- multiple dose injections, eg eye drops: max 28 days after opening!
Definition of Prescription:
Written order of a practitioner (physician, vet, dentist) for one or more drugs to be dispensed by a pharmacist to owner/farmer.
- Latin is retained for certain parts of prescription (e.g Rx, Sig.)
- It should be written with ink or electronical
- date
- 6 month validity (can change btw countries)
- signature, stamp.
Rules of g/mg/micrograms etc for Prescription:
Names of drugs should be written clearly and not abbreviated!
- 1 g or more -> g
- less than 1 g –> mg (e.g 500mg)
- less than 1 mg –> micrograms (e.g 100 micrograms)
- Micrograms, nanograms, or units should NOT be abbreviated
- Milliliter - rather than c.c or cm3
Main parts of the prescription:
- heading
- superscription
- inscription
- subscription
- signature
- veterinarians own signature
- repeat information
Parts of the prescription: - The heading
- name and address of the practitioner (heading 1)
–> optional other information: consulting hours, logo
- Date
- name and address of the owner (heading 2)
- food producing animals: species, name/ID number (heading 2)
Parts of the prescription: - The superscription
Rx = “recipe” = take
Parts of the prescription: - The inscription
- authorised: name, dosage form and the strength of medicine
- official/prepared: list of the ingredients and their amounts
Ingredients:
- major ingredient/active substance
- adjuvant
- vehicle
Parts of the prescription: - the subscription
Information for the pharmacist:
- what to prepare from the ingredients, and how to dispense
- package size and original package quantity
Official or Prepared:
(eg. Amoxillin tablets BP, ZnO suspension)
- eg: “Send 10 tablets in a suitable package”
- eg: “Prepare a suspension and send 100 ml in a suitable package”.
Authorised:
- eg Synulox 50 mg tablets
- eg: “send 1 original package, 10 tablets”
- eg: “send 2 original packages 10 tablets each”
Parts of the prescription: - The signature
“S” or “Sig”.
Information for owner about the application of the drug
- eg: “Give 2 tablets to dog daily for 10 days”
- This animal is under my care (these animals are..)
- For animal treatment only
- This prescription is written under the drug cascade
- Withdrawal period: edible tissues… days, milk… days, eggs… days (fish:…. degree days)
Other:
- For external/topical use only
- shake well before use
- keep out of reach of children
Parts of the prescription: - veterinarians own signature and repeat information
the signature and qualification of the veterinarian make the prescription VALID!
- at the bottom of the prescription; “No repeat”, “1 repeat”, “2 repeat” etc.
- using the word “repeat” without the number of repeats allows only two supplies.
Record keeping: - Handbook/computer database
- all veterinary treatments
- every product intended for use in food-producing animals, where WP must be observed.
- Controlled drugs
Not necessary: homeopathic medicine (at least 1:1000000)
Record keeping: - Records
- date
- precise identity of the medicinal product (including batch. No)
- dosage administered, duration of treatment
- name and address of farmer
–> name and address of veterinarian
–> WP!
Record keeping: - When should the records be made?
Within 48 hr of the transaction and kept for a period of at least 5 years.
Classification of Controlled Drugs:
1-5 schedules: high potential for abuse and the potential of create severe psychological and/or physical dependence
- Schedule 1: Cannabis, amphetamines, hallucinogenic drugs (LSD)
- Schedule 2: morphine, etrophine, fentanyl, pethidine, methadone, ketamine
- Schedule 3: Buprenorphine, pentobarbital, phenobarbital
- Schedule 4: benzodiazepines eg diazepam
- Schedule 5: certain preparations of morphine, cocaine and codeine that contain less than a specified amount of the drug.
Controlled Drugs - written requisition:
- Required for S2 and S3 CD´s
Must be included:
- the name, qualification and address of practitioner
- the date
- the purpose for which the drug is required
- the quality and quantity of the product
- veterinarians own signature and qualification
- If the drug is not collected personally, an additional authorization must be included
- in emergency situation, controlled drugs may be supplied to a practitioner without a requisition
–> if the vet assumes an obligation to send a signed requisistion within the following 24 hr.
Controlled Drugs - Recording:
- The register must:
- be either a computerised system or a bound book
- be separated into each class of drug
- have a separate page for each strength and form of that drug, with this recorded at the top of each page.
- have the entries in chronical order
- have the entries made in ink or computerised form which every entry can be audited.
- not have cancellations or alterations
- corrections: made by a signed and dated entry in the margin or at the bottom of the page
- be available for inspection at any time
- be kept for a minimum of 2 years.
- Running balance is recommended!
Controlled drugs - safe custody
- Schedule 2 + Buprenorphine (Sch 3):
- must be kept in a suitable locked receptacle
- transport: locked car + additional locked unit
- locked receptacle can only be opened by a veterinarian/authorized person
- one key to the receptacle to be kept at the auth.p
- only the minimum quantity of Cd-s should be stored
Special prescription requirements of controlled drugs:
- all details except signature can be computer-generated
- prescription for Sch 2, 3 and 4 CDs are only valid for 28 days
- prescriptions for Sch 5 CD´s are valid for 6 months
- Schedule 2 and 3 CD´s cannot be prescribed on repeat dispensing prescriptions
Latin abbreviations on the prescription
Essential characteristics of the CD´s
