Prac 2

Question 1

List and describe the blood vessels that branch off the main vessels leaving the heart.

Answer 1

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Question 2

Explain the location and function of the ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale.

Answer 2

Ductus venosus- shunts a portion of the left umbilical vein blood flow directly to the inferior vena cava. Thus, it allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver.

Ductus Arteriosus- is a blood vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the proximal descending aorta.

Foramen ovale- Hole in the heart

Question 3

Label a histological section of an umbilical cord.

Answer 3

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Question 4

Compare and contrast the circulatory system of the fetal and adult mammal.

Answer 4

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Question 5

Explain how blood flows in the microcirculation.

Answer 5

The microcirculation refers to the smallest blood vessels in the body: … The flow in these shunts does not participate in transfer of gases, nutrients or wastes.

Size of the lumen, thickness of wall, divergent/convergent.

Question 6

Recognise and differentiate the 5 types of blood vessels (arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins) under the microscope, in a photo and in a video.

Answer 6

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Question 7

Explain how blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and stethoscope.

Answer 7

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Question 8

Describe the effects of gravity on blood pressure.

Answer 8

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Question 9

Explain what is meant by systolic pressure and diastolic pressure and the differences between the two.

Answer 9

117/ 76 mm Hg

Read as “117 over 76 millimeters of mercury”

Systolic

The top number, which is also the higher of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (when the heart muscle contracts).

Diastolic

The bottom number, which is also the lower of the two numbers, measures the pressure in the arteries between heartbeats (when the heart muscle is resting between beats and refilling with blood).

Question 10

Calculate the mean arterial blood pressure and pulse pressure given values for systolic and diastolic pressure.

Answer 10

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Question 11

Explain how the first and second heart sounds are produced, and explain when these occur in the cardiac cycle.

Answer 11

S1 – The first heart sound (lub) can be heard the loudest at the mitral area. This sound represents the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves and is a low pitched, dull sound at the beginning of ventricular systole.

S2 – The second heart sound (dub). This is best heard at the base of the heart at the end of ventricular systole.