PR2 WEEK1-2 Flashcards
advantages of qualitative research design
;verify results
;filter out external factors and produce unbiased results
;verify qualitative researches and narrow down possible results
;variables can easily be manipulated
refers to the overall strategy that a researcher uses to logically and coherently integrate the various components of a study
research design
Disadvantages of qualitative research design
;time consuming in data collection
;difficult and expensive to do
;requires statistical analysis
;very little room for uncertainty
is the most common design that observes and reports certain phenomenon or shows a
picture of a group
descriptive research design
common study designs used in descriptive research design
comparative descriptive design; cross-sectional and
longitudinal designs
descriptive statistical tools used in descriptive research design
Mean, Median, Mode, and Percentage, Frequency
research design that seeks for connection between one variable and how it affects another variable but not a “cause-and-effect” relationship which means no manipulation of variables
correlational research design
common study designs used in correlational research design
descriptive correlational designs, predictive designs
statistical tools used in correlational research design
Spearman’s rho (Spearman’s r)
Pearson product-moment correlation (Pearson’s r)
research design that aims to infer the causes of a phenomenon which have already occurred
(ex-post facto) causal comparative research design
study design used in causal comparative research design
questionnaires
statistical tools commonly used in causal comparative research design
Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
research design that aims to establish a cause-and-effect relationships that it may or may not have a control group or subjects and subjects are not randomly assigned to groups
quasi-experimental research design
common study designs used in the quasi-experimental research design
pre and post-test designs
post-test only designs
interrupted time series designs
non-equivalent designs
statistical tool used in quasi-experimental research design
Mann-Whitney U test
aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships and randomly assign individual participants/subjects to the treatment and control groups
experimental research design
common study designs in experimental research design
pre-test-post-test control group designs
post-test only control group designs
Solomon four-group designs
statistical tools used in experimental research design
t-test for independent sample (unpaired t-test)
One-way Anova
two kinds of sampling
probability and nonprobability sampling
refers to the selection of a sample from a population is based on the principle of randomization
probability sampling
is a sampling technique in which the researcher selects samples based on the subjective judgment of the researcher rather than random selection
nonprobability sampling
types of simple random sampling
fishbowl technique
lottery method
sampling using table of random number
This method of sampling is done by taking every kth element in the population
systematic sampling
When the population can be partitioned into several strata (singular: stratum) or subgroups
stratified random sampling
kinds of stratified sampling technique
Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling
Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling
This technique uses several stages or phases in getting the sample from the population
multi-stage or multiple sampling
kinds of non-probability sampling techniques
judgement or purposive
quota sampling
incidental sampling
convenience sampling
snowball sampling
This is relatively quick and inexpensive method to operate since the choice of the number of persons or elements to be included in a sample is done at the researcher’s own convenience or preference and is not predetermined by some carefully operated
randomizing plan
quota sampling
This method is also referred as non-random or non-probability sampling. This is usually based on a certain criteria laid down by the researcher of his adviser
judgement or purposive sampling
This design is applied to those samples which are taken because they are the most available
incidental sampling
This method has been widely used in television and radio programs to find out opinions of TV viewers and listeners regarding a controversial issue. While the issue is being discussed in a talk show, who will call their telephone operators
convenience sampling
In this type of sampling, the researcher asks the initial subject to identify another potential subject who also meets the criteria of the research
snowball sampling
types of questions asked in data-collection instrument
Yes or No Type
Recognition Type
Completion Type
Coding Type
Subjective Type
Combination Type
this type of question is asked when alternative responses are already provided, and the respondents simply choose among the given choices. It also contains close-ended questions
recognition type
questions where the respondents are asked to fill in the blanks with the necessary information. Questions are open-ended
completion type
questions where numbers are assigned to names, choices, and other pertinent data
coding type
questions that lets the respondents are free to give their opinions about an issue of concern
subjective type
The questionnaire is a combination of two or more types of questions
combination type
scales that are commonly used in instruments
Likert scale
Semantic differential scale
is a type of composite measure that is composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure among them.
scale
4 commonly used scales in social science research
LIKERT SCALE
BOGARDUS SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE
THURSTONE SCALE
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
created by sociologist Emory S. Bogardus as a technique for measuring the willingness of people
to participate in social relations with other kinds of people
Bogardus social distance scale
created by Louis Thurstone, is intended to develop a format for generating groups of indicators of a variable that have an empirical structure among them
Thurstone scale
this scale asks respondents to answer a questionnaire and choose
between two opposite positions, using qualifiers to bridge the gap between them
semantic differential scale
steps in instrument construction
Content Validation
Face Validity
Pilot Testing
Final Administration
Evaluation of the test
3 types of Validity analyses
CONTENT VALIDITY
CONCURRENT VALIDITY
CONSTRUCT VALIDITY
