Evolution Biology Flashcards
this theory states that the Earth has been shaped by sudden, often unpredicted, events that are short-lived but impactful. It proposes the idea that catastrophes are responsible for mass extinctions and other processes
Catastrophism by Georges Cuvier
organisms alter their behavior in response to environmental change. Their changed behavior, in turn, modified their organs, and their offspring inherited those “improved” structures
Inheritance of Acquired Trait by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
descent with modification,” the idea that species change over time, give rise to new species, and share a common ancestor
evolution as define by Charles Robert Darwin
causes populations to become adapted, or increasingly well-suited, to their environments over time. Natural selection depends on the environment and requires existing heritable variation in a group
Theory of Evolution as means of Natural Selection by Charles Darwin
Father of Evolution
Charles Robert Darwin
Darwin boarded this ship to spend his 5 year voyage in his scientific study to explain evolution
H.M.S Beagle (1831-1836)
Four Basic Principles of Natural Selection
- Variation2. Heritability3. Overpopulation/Overproduction4. Reproductive Advantage
refers to the degree of adaptation of an individual to its environment which is passed onto future generations
fitness
Mechanisms of Evolution
- Natural Selection2. Genetic Drift3. Artificial Selection4. Mutation5. Migration6. Recombination
Random change in the frequency of gene. In each generation, some individuals may, just by chance, leave behind a few more descendants than other individuals
genetic drift
this mechanism usually predominates in large populations that results in evolution when individuals with higher survival and reproductive rates pass on these traits to their offspring
Natural Selection
is a technique in which the intervention of humans allows only for selected organisms to breed and produce offspring
Artificial Selection
A change in the DNA of an organism, a random event and it may be beneficial or harmful
mutation
is the movement of populations, groups or individual species
migration
the movement of genetic characteristics from one population to another
gene flow
Exchange of segments between DNA molecules or chromosomes
recombination
Evidences of Evolution
fossil record
types of fossils
anatomical comparison of organisms
embryonic development patterns
biogeography
molecular biology
refers to largescale changes that occur over
extended time periods, such as the formation of new species and groups
macroevolution
refers to small scale changes that affect just one or a few genes and happen in populations over shorter timescales
microevolution
refers to the total collection of fossils discovered and studied by
paleontologists and
geologists
fossil record
are the preserved remains, impressions, or traces of ancient organisms or their
activities found in rocks and sedimentary layers of the Earth’s crust
fossils
These fossils form when organic materials are replaced by minerals,
turning them into stone
petrified fossils
are formed when the
remains of an organism, such as a shell or bone, dissolve or decay, leaving an impression in the surrounding rock
mold fossils
are created when a mold
is filled with minerals or sediments, creating a replica of the original
organism
cast fossils
are indirect evidence of ancient life, including footprints, tracks, burrows, nests, and
coprolites (fossilized feces)
trace fossils
fossilized tree resin that can trap small organisms, such as insects or plant parts
amber fossils
are fossils of organisms
that lived for a limited geologic period and had a wide geographic distribution
index fossils
are organisms that are
preserved entirely in their natural form
true form fossils
are tiny fossils that
require a microscope to be seen
microfossils
a structure if two or more species share a unique physical feature, such as a complex bone structure or a body plan, they
may all have inherited this
feature from a common
ancestor
homologous structure
structures are common traits found in different
groups of species which are anatomically different, and serve the same function, but evolved
independently in the different groups of species
analogous structures
structure is a biological structure that has lost a major ancestral function and is usually drastically
reduced in size
vestigial structure
the study of the development of the anatomy of an organism to its adult form, provides
evidence for evolution as embryo formation in widely-divergent groups of organisms tends to be
conserved
embryology
The spread and distribution of species of organisms in different
geographical positions across the planet
biogeography
all living organisms shares the same:
- The same genetic material (DNA)
- The same, or highly similar, genetic codes
- The same basic process of gene expression (transcription and
translation) - The same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids
