PR REVIEWER Flashcards
- Systematic and scientific investigation of numerical data and their relationships. Demands only real or factual and not emotional or cognitive data.
Qualitative Research
Excellent way to finalize result proving or rejecting a hypothesis
It filters out external factors results are real and unbiased
Strengths
Human nature is a lot more complex than a simple yes/no question
There is usually some ambiguity that requires retesting and refinement of the research design
Experiments can be difficult and expensive
Weaknesses
Types of Quantitative Research
- attempts describe the current status of a selected variable. It provides information to the subject of the research
Descriptive
- Answers the extent of the relationship of 2 or more variables based on statistical data. The data relationship and distributions of the variable are studied only.
Correlational
- Attempts to establish a cause-effect relationship. It’s independent variable is not manipulated and uses naturally formed groups
Causal-Comparative
- identifies and imposes control over all other variables. Independent variable is manipulated and the subject is randomly assigned
Experimental
- A survey is intended to acquire information from people concerning the predominance, distribution, and interrelations of variables within an identified group.
Survey
Different Fields
- It provides observational research through and based on surveys or correlational studies
Medicine
- To understand particular communication phenomena might be generalized to larger population
Communication
- To determine how human behavior relates with other people, individual differences that may affect human reactions
Behavioral
- to create educational principle based on understanding human behavior
Educational Psychology
- are properties or characteristics of some event, object, orperson that can be assigned with different values or amounts. In conducting quantitative research, especially in experiments, these variables are often manipulated.
Variables
Kinds of Variables
Independent Variable -
Dependent variable -
causes change in dependent variable. Manipulated by the researcher. It is hypothesized to affect the dependent variable. An independent variable is what the researcher manipulates to see if it changes the dependent variables.
Independent Variable -
- changes are caused by the independent variable. Not manipulated by the researcher but dependent on the independent variable
Dependent variable
- This links or intervenes between dependent and independent variables.
Intervening Variable
- This may increase/decrease the relationship between independent and dependent variable.
Antecedent Variable
Give researchers an overview of what the entire study is all about.
It introduces the topic and problem that is trying to adress
Should persuade the readers that what they are reading is important
Introduction
Provides reader with context
Explain the circumstances that led to the study
Discusses briefly the problem, situation, conflict of ideas, gaps in knowledge, literature and theories that caught the researchers attention
Background of the Study
- The Research problem provides a clear, focused, and well-defined introduction to the specific issue you plan to investigate. It is written in declarative sentence.The Research Questions a specific statement that aligns and measures your research problem. It is written in interrogative form.
Statement of the Problem
Types of Research questions
- Objectively describes particular characteristics of a person, group, institution or phenomena
Descriptive Questions
- compares two or more characteristics of 2 or more people, groups, institutions or phenomena
Comparative Question
- seeks to understand the relationship between two or more aspects of one or more persons, groups, institutions or phenomena
Relational Question
- The significance of the study includes possible contributions of the research to the field of knowledge. In writing the significance of the study, list all the beneficiaries of the research.
Significance of the Study
Types of significance of the Study
- Practical significance refers to the direct applicability and usefulness of the research findings in real-world contexts.
Practical Significance
- Theoretical significance refers to the contribution that a study makes to the existing body of theories in a specific field.
Theoretical Significance
- This pertains to the potential of a study to inspire further research. A study might open up new areas of investigation, provide new research methodologies, or propose new hypotheses that need to be tested.
Significance for Future Research
- The scope presents the inclusions of the study, while delimitations present what are not covered in the study or cannot be controlled for acceptable reasons. In writing the scope and delimitations, discuss the scope and the limits of things not included in the research.
Scope and Delimitation
- refers to presenting work of someone else without providing proper consent and acknowledgement
Plagiarism
Forms of Plagiarism
Paraphrasing
Collusion
Auto-plagiarism
Failure to acknowledge assistance
Inaccurate citations
- A writer must avoid racially-charged, sexist offensive language and tendencies. In other words, it is an ethical responsibility of the writer to be sensitive to the sensibilities of their audience.
Formal language
Conflict of interests
Ethics violations
Forgery or alteration of documents
Unauthorized Alterations
Fake financial reporting
Embezzlement
Fraudulent Acts
- surname of the author and the published year inside the parenthesis
Parenthetical in-text citations
Devilles(2006)
- will be used if the authors name is part of the narrative
Narrative In-Text Citation
- The review of related literature is a compilation, classification and evaluation of literature or research studies. It contains review of writings on a particular subject with the purpose of (a) informing the readers, (b) helping the researchers construct tools, and (c) validating the research.
Review of Related Literature
− These are locally published materials
Local Literatures
− These are existing studies published and conducted in the Philippines
Local Studies
− These are internationally published materials.
Foreign Literatures
− These are existing studies published in other countries.
Foreign Studies
- The conceptual framework shows the process that will be conducted in the study. It consists of ideas, and theories that are directly related to the study.
Conceptual Framework
- Presents the review of theory or theories in which the study will be anchored. It shows the relationships of the different elements.
Theoretical Framework
- is an educated guess. It is used to identify the relationships between and among variables. It should explain the possible thing to happen. It must be testable, measurable, and relevant to the research
Hypothesis
- It states that one variable has no relationship with theother variable
Null Hypothesis
- It tells that there is a relationship between thevariables of the study.
Alternative Hypothesis
- In research, operational definitions of the terminology used must be included in the paper. In writing the definition of terms, choose the important words in the title.
Definition of Terms
