PR I Flashcards
Basic Descriptors of Quantitative Research
- Measurable
- Statistical
- Objective
- Intervention
- Experimental Group
- Tables and Graph
- Deductive
- Generalizable
Basic Descriptor of Qualitative Research
- Behavior
- Narrative
- Text-Based
- Unstructured Observation
- Inductive
- Subjective
- Small Sample
Characteristics of Quantitative Research
- Objective
- Clearly Defined Research Questions
- Structured Research Instruments
- Numerical Data
- Large Sample Size
- Replication
- Future Outcomes
Strengths of Quantitative Research
- Numerical Data and Large Sample Size
- Utilizes Statistical Tools
- Well-Structured and Well-Defined Quantitative Research Questions
Weaknesses of Quantitative Research
- Large Sample Size - Needs to establish reliable generalization
- Expensive to reproduce
- Superficial
- Sensitive Issues and Information are difficult to gather using structured Research instruments
- Numerical Data are often times in complete
Refers to the overall strategy that a researcher chooses to integrate the different components of the study coherently and logically.
Research Design
Allows the Researcher to manipulate variables to identify casual relation or degree of effectiveness of the intervention.
Experimental
Observe the perception of responders. Describes relationship between two or more variables.
Non-Experimental
The simplest form of Research design. No control or comparison group.
Randomization X
Experimental Group X
Pre-Experimental
Employs experimental and control setups assigned randomly to test the extent or effectiveness of an intervention.
Randomization /
Experimental Group /
True-Experimental Group
Used to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
Where intervention is applied, but no randomization occurs.
Randomization X
Experimental Group /
Quasi-Experimental
Aims to establish a correlation among variables.
Correlational
Used in gathering data from a large group of population which is used to identify the general perception of the population.
Survey
Compares and contrasts two populations considering as to how they perceive, assess, or view certain variable.
Comparative
AKA Casual-Comparative. Utilizes past observations and conclusions in deriving generalizations and predictions to explain why and how a certain scenario or phenomenon happens.
Ex-Post Facto
Describes the ‘Norm Level’ of certain attributes for a given behavior as observed by the population.
Normative
Utilizes different approaches and methodologies in establishing scale-matched approaches whereas data obtained from across disciplines can be integrated.
Methodological
Aims to assess the conduct, progress, implementation, and processes involved in the implementation of certain programs, events, or activities.
Evaluative
These are elements, attributes, characteristics, categories, and values that are being considered, measured, and given value.
- They are manipulated in conducting Research.
Research Variables
In quantitative research, Researchers can (do what on variables?)
- Measure and describe
- Determine relationships
- Examine differences
- Experiment (cause-and-effect)
Is a specific measurement of a variable.
Data
______ data represents Amounts.
Quantitative
______ data represents Groupings.
Categorical
Also known as ‘Qualitative Variables.”
Sometimes recorded as numbers, but numbers represent categories rather than actual quantities.
Categorical Variables
Can be arranged in order or rank.
Descending, or smallest to largest.
Ordinal
Cannot be arranged in order. Does not take numerical values or measurement.
Nominal
A type of Nominal Variable that can take exactly two values.
Dichotomous
A type of Nominal variable that can take more than two values.
Polytomous
When you collect quantitative data, the numbers you collect represent real amounts that can be added, subtracted, etc.
Numerical Variables
Counts of individual items in a finite amount of time.
Discrete
Can take an infinite value and can be divided into smaller increments.
Continuous
A type of continuous data. Measures the differences in the measurement of values and provides interpretations based on the difference. Has no real Zero.
Interval
A type of continuous data. Takes values and measurements which have an absolute (real) Zero.
Ratio
Known to cause change, affect the outcome, and influence the other variables of the study. Often manipulated to test and identify the extent of its effects on the dependent variable.
Known as treatment or intervention.
Independent Variables
Known as result, effect, or outcome variables that rely and are influenced by independent variables.
Dependent Variables
Known to be constant and unchanged throughout the experiment. Greatly influences the result and outcome of the experiment.
Control Variable
Known as the intermediate between the DV and IV as it is used to explain casual links between other variables.
Intervening Variables
Known as existing elements or factors whose effect and influence are either neglected, ignored, or often time not measured. Their impacts are not directly observed in the conduct of the study.
Confounding Variables
An organized and systematic method of finding answers to questions.
Research
Steps of the Research Process
- Defining and Developing a Problem/Topic
- Finding Background Information about the Chosen Problem/Topic
- Planning a Research Design and Methods
- Gathering Necessary Data Using Specialized Tools/Instruments
- Presenting, Analyzing, and Interpreting Data
- Formulating Conclusions
- Defining a New Problem
Known as the blueprint of the experiment.
Research Design
Steps in Developing a Research Topic
- Choose a broad topic
- Do a preliminary research
- Define the problem
- Refine the question
Topics to be avoided
- Controversial
- Highly Technical Subjects
- Hard-to-Investigate Subjects
- Too broad subjects
- Too narrow subjects
- Vague subjects
Summarizes the main idea/s of your study.
Research Title
Characteristics of a great Research Title
- Descriptive
- Direct
- Accurate
- Interesting
- Concise
- Appropriate
- Precise
- Unique
- Not Misleading
The ‘Context of your Study.’ Inform the readers about your study. Justify the need for your study.
Background of the study
Binomial Nomenclature
(Genus species)
An under or unexplored area of a topic that requires further explanation.
Research Gap
Background of the Study vs Review of Related Literature
Background of the Study - Introductory part of your paper. Establishing the importance of your study.
Review of Related Literature - This is more comprehensive and thoroughly discusses the outcomes mentioned in the background of the Research.
