PR exam

Question 1

The primary purpose of an experimental research design is to find out?

Answer 1

whether an
intervention considered as the independent variable (e.g., lack of sleep) has an effect on a
dependent variable

Question 2

are empirical, straightforward, and can test their reliability and validity?

Answer 2

Quantitative research designs

Question 3

observes a situation and attempts to establish what caused

Answer 3

b. Non-Experimental Design

Question 4

an assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 4

Experimental Design

Question 5

The three most common
types of quantitative research designs are?

Answer 5

experimental, correlational, and descriptive?

Question 6

a scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives of the study

Answer 6

Research design

Question 7

most commonly – used method of investigation in educational research

Answer 7

Descriptive Design

Question 8

philosophical, theoretical, conceptual and analytic perspective of research; can be qualitative, quantitative or mixed method

Answer 8

Research Method

Question 9

philosophical, theoretical, conceptual and analytic perspective of research; can be qualitative, quantitative or mixed method

Answer 9

Research Method

Question 10

first step in creating structure to the design; details a conceptual model or framework on how the research will proceed; consider objectives and variables

Answer 10

Approach

Question 11

plan, structure and strategy of investigation to obtain answer to research q or problems
Complete scheme or program; an outline of what to do from writing the hypothesis to operational implications to final analysis of data (Kerlinger, in Kumar, 2011)

Answer 11

Design

Question 12

depend largely on the philosophical perspective, objective of the study, the inquiry mode, and the applicability of research findings.

Answer 12

Research Design in Quantitative Method

Question 13

• commonly used in the social sciences
• aim to find out the prevalence of a situation by taking a cross-section of the population

Answer 13

Cross-sectional studies

Question 14

• measure change

Answer 14

The before and after design (pre-test/post-test)

Question 15

determine the pattern of extent of change in a situation in relation to time

Answer 15

Longitudinal Study Design

Question 16

– investigate what has happened in the past

Answer 16

Retrospective study design

Question 17

attempts to establish the outcome/what is likely to happen in the future

Answer 17

Prospective study design

Question 18

available data are analyzed as bases of future projections

Answer 18

Retrospective-prospective study design

Question 19

an assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship

Answer 19

Experimental Design

Question 20

– has both experimental and non-experimental properties

Answer 20

c. Semi-Experimental / Quasi-Experimental

Question 21

results of a survey serve as basis for establishing inferences; provides a reference point for analysis classification and evaluation

Answer 21

Descriptive- survey research design

Question 22

if the study is to see a general picture of the population under investigation; to use when the investigator wishes to cover a relatively large population

Answer 22

Survey

Question 23

complete enumeration; covers entire population under investigation

Answer 23

Census

Question 24

complete enumeration; covers entire population under investigation

Answer 24

Census

Question 25

simple survey; limited in scope; covers portion of the study population

Answer 25

b. Sample Survey

Question 26

- a set of questions which the subject of the study answers by himself

Answer 26

Questionnaire

Question 27

- a set of questions which the subject of the study answers by himself

Answer 27

Interview

Question 28

Types of Survey that survey the entire population

Answer 28

Total Population Survey

Question 29

only a sample/portion of population

Answer 29

Sample survey

Question 30

- gather data for and about schools and to assess educational achievement and education itself

Answer 30

Social survey

Question 31

– reactions of people towards certain issues

Answer 31

Public Opinion Survey

Question 32

respondents are asked if they are voting for a certain choice

Answer 32

Poll Survey

Question 33

finding out what kinds of people purchase which products and how elements affect other elements

Answer 33

Market Survey

Question 34

looks back to see what has been accomplished, evaluates the results with the end in view of making improvements

Answer 34

Evaluation Survey

Question 35

results from two different groups are compared; compare effectiveness of a new one to an old one

Answer 35

Comparative Survey

Question 36

data collected should be less than five years

Answer 36

Short-term Survey

Question 37

more than five years

Answer 37

Long-term survey

Question 38

several groups in various stages are studied simultaneously

Answer 38

Cross-sectional survey

Question 39

information on general duties and different elements in workers

Answer 39

Job analysis survey

Question 40

provides information on various aspects of the community

Answer 40

Community survey

Question 41

relationship between two or more variables

Answer 41

Correlational study

Question 42

aim of the study is to have a deeper, more thorough and more comprehensive understanding of an individual or group

Answer 42

Case Study

Question 43

- find out the type and/or the quality of messages found in the document

Answer 43

Content analysis

Question 44

to foretell, on the basis of available data, the direction and future status of certain phenomenon

Answer 44

Trend analysis

Question 45

to find out the variability; “thorough and systematic analysis of all factors that affect the possibility of success of a proposed undertaking

Answer 45

Feasibility study

Question 46

• when data cannot be obtained through questionnaires or observation

Answer 46

DESCRIPTIVE – DOCUMENTARY

Question 47

• known as associational research • measures the extent or magnitude of association between two variables (existing relationship)

Answer 47

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS

Question 48

• explore the nature characteristics, etc. of one or more variables • “experiment” : manipulation of variables to observe results

Answer 48

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Question 48

• explore the nature characteristics, etc. of one or more variables • “experiment” : manipulation of variables to observe results

Answer 48

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

Question 49

• Consistency, stability, or dependability of the data

Answer 49

Reliability

Question 50

• Data are not reliable/consistent but also true and accurate • Instrument is able to actually access what it is supposed to measure

Answer 50

VALIDITY

Question 51

• Another technique in data-gathering • one of the earliest methods for acquiring knowledge; researcher watches closely the overt behaviours of the subjects under investigation in various natural settings • adv: gather first-hand info; more accurate & more valid • disadv: lack of control to outside factors

Answer 51

OBSERVATION

Question 52

: Specific, systematic, quantitative, recorded immediately, done by expert, can be checked & verified

Answer 52

CHARACTERISTICS

Question 53

participants, setting, purpose, social behavior, frequency and duration

Answer 53

FOCUS ELEMENTS

Question 54

what aspects are relevant and develop a specific plan before collecting data

Answer 54

• Structured Observation

Question 55

– “richer” & more description of what is under investigation; not restricted by observational guide; provide an analysis found in the situation

Answer 55

• Unstructured Observation

Question 56

observer takes part of the observed activities

Answer 56

• Participant Observation

Question 57

mere standard observing, not participate

Answer 57

• Non-participant Observation

Question 58

variables are controlled; manipulated variable to produce an effect

Answer 58

• Controlled Observation

Question 59

natural setting; no control

Answer 59

• Uncontrolled Observation

Question 60

– man’s oldest and most often used device to obtain info - face-to-face situation in which one person, the interview, asks a person being interviewed, the respondent, questions

Answer 60

INTERVIEW

Question 61

• Sampling: process of selecting a few from a bigger group to become basis Sampling - process of choosing a representative portion of a population

Answer 61

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

Question 62

each unit of the population will be selected is not known, nor is there any assurance that every unit has some chance of being included

Answer 62

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Question 63

each unit of the population has known probability of being selected or included in the sample

Answer 63

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Question 64

multi - method, multi-trait and triangulation; difficult to apply

Answer 64

MIXED-METHODS SAMPLING

Question 65

datum; collection of numbers, quantities, etc. used as bases for making inferences/conclusion; what research is searching for

Answer 65

Data