PR exam Flashcards
The primary purpose of an experimental research design is to find out?
whether an
intervention considered as the independent variable (e.g., lack of sleep) has an effect on a
dependent variable
are empirical, straightforward, and can test their reliability and validity?
Quantitative research designs
observes a situation and attempts to establish what caused
b. Non-Experimental Design
an assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship
Experimental Design
The three most common
types of quantitative research designs are?
experimental, correlational, and descriptive?
a scheme or plan of action for meeting the objectives of the study
Research design
most commonly – used method of investigation in educational research
Descriptive Design
philosophical, theoretical, conceptual and analytic perspective of research; can be qualitative, quantitative or mixed method
Research Method
philosophical, theoretical, conceptual and analytic perspective of research; can be qualitative, quantitative or mixed method
Research Method
first step in creating structure to the design; details a conceptual model or framework on how the research will proceed; consider objectives and variables
Approach
plan, structure and strategy of investigation to obtain answer to research q or problems
Complete scheme or program; an outline of what to do from writing the hypothesis to operational implications to final analysis of data (Kerlinger, in Kumar, 2011)
Design
depend largely on the philosophical perspective, objective of the study, the inquiry mode, and the applicability of research findings.
Research Design in Quantitative Method
- commonly used in the social sciences
- aim to find out the prevalence of a situation by taking a cross-section of the population
Cross-sectional studies
- measure change
The before and after design (pre-test/post-test)
determine the pattern of extent of change in a situation in relation to time
Longitudinal Study Design
– investigate what has happened in the past
Retrospective study design
attempts to establish the outcome/what is likely to happen in the future
Prospective study design
available data are analyzed as bases of future projections
Retrospective-prospective study design
an assumption of a cause-and-effect relationship
Experimental Design
– has both experimental and non-experimental properties
c. Semi-Experimental / Quasi-Experimental
results of a survey serve as basis for establishing inferences; provides a reference point for analysis classification and evaluation
Descriptive- survey research design
if the study is to see a general picture of the population under investigation; to use when the investigator wishes to cover a relatively large population
Survey
complete enumeration; covers entire population under investigation
Census
complete enumeration; covers entire population under investigation
Census
simple survey; limited in scope; covers portion of the study population
b. Sample Survey
- a set of questions which the subject of the study answers by himself
Questionnaire
- a set of questions which the subject of the study answers by himself
Interview
Types of Survey that survey the entire population
Total Population Survey
only a sample/portion of population
Sample survey
- gather data for and about schools and to assess educational achievement and education itself
Social survey
– reactions of people towards certain issues
Public Opinion Survey
respondents are asked if they are voting for a certain choice
Poll Survey
finding out what kinds of people purchase which products and how elements affect other elements
Market Survey
looks back to see what has been accomplished, evaluates the results with the end in view of making improvements
Evaluation Survey
results from two different groups are compared; compare effectiveness of a new one to an old one
Comparative Survey
data collected should be less than five years
Short-term Survey
more than five years
Long-term survey
several groups in various stages are studied simultaneously
Cross-sectional survey
information on general duties and different elements in workers
Job analysis survey
provides information on various aspects of the community
Community survey
relationship between two or more variables
Correlational study
aim of the study is to have a deeper, more thorough and more comprehensive understanding of an individual or group
Case Study
- find out the type and/or the quality of messages found in the document
Content analysis
to foretell, on the basis of available data, the direction and future status of certain phenomenon
Trend analysis
to find out the variability; “thorough and systematic analysis of all factors that affect the possibility of success of a proposed undertaking
Feasibility study
• when data cannot be obtained through questionnaires or observation
DESCRIPTIVE – DOCUMENTARY
• known as associational research
• measures the extent or magnitude of association between two variables (existing relationship)
CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH DESIGNS
• explore the nature characteristics, etc. of one or more variables
• “experiment” : manipulation of variables to observe results
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• explore the nature characteristics, etc. of one or more variables
• “experiment” : manipulation of variables to observe results
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
• Consistency, stability, or dependability of the data
Reliability
• Data are not reliable/consistent but also true and accurate
• Instrument is able to actually access what it is supposed to measure
VALIDITY
• Another technique in data-gathering
• one of the earliest methods for acquiring knowledge; researcher watches closely the overt behaviours of the subjects under investigation in various natural settings
• adv: gather first-hand info; more accurate & more valid
• disadv: lack of control to outside factors
OBSERVATION
: Specific, systematic, quantitative, recorded immediately, done by expert, can be checked & verified
CHARACTERISTICS
participants, setting, purpose, social behavior, frequency and duration
FOCUS ELEMENTS
what aspects are relevant and develop a specific plan before collecting data
• Structured Observation
– “richer” & more description of what is under investigation; not restricted by observational guide; provide an analysis found in the situation
• Unstructured Observation
observer takes part of the observed activities
• Participant Observation
mere standard observing, not participate
• Non-participant Observation
variables are controlled; manipulated variable to produce an effect
• Controlled Observation
natural setting; no control
• Uncontrolled Observation
– man’s oldest and most often used device to obtain info
- face-to-face situation in which one person, the interview, asks a person being interviewed, the respondent, questions
INTERVIEW
• Sampling: process of selecting a few from a bigger group to become basis
Sampling - process of choosing a representative portion of a population
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
each unit of the population will be selected is not known, nor is there any assurance that every unit has some chance of being included
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
each unit of the population has known probability of being selected or included in the sample
PROBABILITY SAMPLING
multi - method, multi-trait and triangulation; difficult to apply
MIXED-METHODS SAMPLING
datum; collection of numbers, quantities, etc. used as bases for making inferences/conclusion; what research is searching for
Data
