PR

Question 1

Which of the following practices is essential for maintaining objectivity in quantitative research? 1.

A. Allowing personal biases to influence the interpretation of data

B. Using standardized and validated measurement instruments to collect data

C. Selecting participants based on convenience rather than random sampling

D. Reporting only the positive findings of the study

Answer 1

B. Using standardized and validated measurement instruments to collect data

Question 2

Why is replication considered a critical component of quantitative research?

A. It ensures the originality of the study.

B. It allows researchers to generalize findings to a broader population.

C. It helps to confirm the reliability and validity of the research findings by allowing other researchers to duplicate the study and obtain similar-results

D. It eliminates the need for statistical analysis.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

in the context of quantitative research which of the following illustrates the use of numerical data?

A. Conducting in-depth interviews and coding responses.

B. Using surveys with Likert-scale questions to measure attitudes.

C. Describing the lived experiences of participants through thematic analysis.

D. Analyzing historical documents to understand past events.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the role of objectivity in ensuring the credibility of quantitative research findings?

A. Objectivity allows researchers to incorporate their personal opinions into the analysis of data. B. Objectivity ensures that the research process and results are free from bias, leading to more accurate and generalizable findings.

C. Objectivity focuses on the subjective experiences of participants rather than the numerical data.

D. Objectivity is achieved by conducting research with a single data collection method.

Answer 4

B

Question 5

Why is replication critical for validating quantitative research results?

A. Replication introduces variability to confirm that the original findings were unique.

B. Replication provides an opportunity to alter research hypotheses and test new theories.

C. Replication helps to verify that the original study’s results are consistent and reliable when the same methods are used, thus reinforcing the validity of the findings.

D. Replication eliminates the need for statistical analysis in the original study

Answer 5

C

Question 6

(A) Research entails an investigation of new facts leading to the discovery of new ideas, methods, or improvements.
(B) Every study conducted by a researcher must have a personal reasoning

Answer 6

the first statement is correct while the second is not

Question 7

(A) In settings like in the community, school, or workplace, unusual phenomena may happen and can turn into potential problems.
(B) Research is one time undertaking of making known to unknown.

Answer 7

both statement are incorrect

Question 8

(A) Qualitative research requires larger sample size as representative of the entire population.

(B) One of the weaknesses of quantitative research is that it provides precise data whereby it consumes too much time before results can be gained.

Answer 8

BOTH statements are incorrect.

Question 9

(A) Quantitative researchers may utilize focus group and interview to gather personal information, highly confidential data and sensitive information which may help the study be called valid and reliable.
(B)The main goal of quantitative research is to distinguish emerging relationship between variables or a change on identified conditions.

Answer 9

the second statement is correct while the first is not.

Question 10

A researcher is conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different study methods on test scores among high school students. The study methods include traditional notetaking, digital note-taking, and interactive study apps. The test scores are measured on a 100-point scale. Which of the following best identifies the dependent variable in this experiment?

Answer 10

The test scores of the students

Question 11

In a study examining the relationship between physical activity and heart rate, a group of participants is monitored for their heart rate after engaging in different types of physical activities such as walking, running. and cycling. What type of variable is ‘type of physical activity’ in this study?

Answer 11

Independent variable

Question 12

In an experiment testing the effect of fertilizer type on plant growth, researchers use three different fertilizers on three groups of plants and measure the height of the plants after four weeks. They ensure all plants receive the same amount of water, sunlight, and are kept at the same temperature. Which of the following is a controlled variable in this experiment?

Answer 12

Amount of water each plant receives

Question 13

A sociologist is studying the influence of social media usage on the self-esteem of teenagers. The participants are categorized by their daily usage of social media: less than 1 hour, 1-3 hours, and more than 3 hours, Self-esteem levels are then measured using a standardized questionnaire. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this study.

A. Independent: Self-esteem levels; Dependent: Daily usage of social media

B. Independent: Age of participants; Dependent: Self-esteem levels

C. Independent: Daily usage of social media; Dependent: Self-esteem levels

D. Independent: Standardized questionnaire; Dependent: Social media platforms used

Answer 13

C

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the most important quality of an effective quantitative research title?

A. It should be lengthy and detailed to provide as much information as possible.

B. It should be catchy and use jargon to attract attention.

C. It should be concise, specific, and clearly reflect the main variables and the research question or hypothesis.

D. It should include the names of all researchers involved.

Answer 14

C

Question 15

Why is it crucial for a quantitative research title to include the key variables studied?

A. To increase the complexity of the title and show the researcher’s expertise

B. To clearly inform the reader about the main focus and scope of the study.

C. To ensure that the title is difficult to understand, thus intriguing the reader.

D. To avoid redundancy in the abstract and introduction.

Answer 15

B

Question 16

When should a quantitative research title include the methodological approach used in the study?

A. When the methodology is common knowledge and widely understood in the field.

B. Only when the study introduces a new or innovative methodological approach

C. When the research design (e.g., longitudinal, cross-sectional, experimental) is critical to understanding the study’s scope and implications.

D. When the study has multiple research questions and hypotheses

Answer 16

C

Question 17

A researcher is beginning a paper on the impact of climate change on agricultural productivity. They want to effectively use the CARS method to introduce their topic. Which of the following actions best represents the “Establishing a territory” move in the CARS method?

A. Describing specific case studies where agricultural productivity has been affected by climate change.

B. Highlighting the general importance of agricultural productivity to global food security

C. Noting the gaps in current research on climate change and agricultural productivity

D. Proposing new methods for mitigating the effects of climate change on agriculture

Answer 17

B

Question 18

In writing an introduction for a research paper on the effectiveness of online education during the pandemic, a graduate student aims to create a research space using the CARS method. Which of the following sentences best exemplifies “Establishing a niche” in their introduction?

A. “Online education has become a crucial alternative during the COVID-19 pandemic.”

B. “There has been a significant increase in the adoption of online education in recent years”

C. “Despite its growing importance, the effectiveness of online education compared to traditional methods remains under-explored.”

D. “This study will compare the outcomes of online and traditional education methods.”

Answer 18

C

Question 19

A student is drafting the introduction for a research paper on the influence of social media on political engagement among young adults. To follow the CARS model, which of the following statements should they use to fulfill the “Occupying the niche” move?

A. “Social media platforms are widely used for political discussions and mobilization.”

B. “This study will investigate the impact of social media on the political engagement of young adults by analyzing survey data from various demographics.”

C. “Previous studies have highlighted both positive and negative aspects of social media on political behavior.”

D. “Young adults are increasingly using social media as their primary source of political information.”

Answer 19

C

Question 20

In a research paper about the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive performance in older

20 adults, the introduction is written following the CARS method. Which of the following paragraphs exemplifies the proper sequence of “Establishing a territory,” “Establishing a niche,” and “Occupying the niche”?

A. “Cognitive performance tends to decline with age. However, recent studies suggest that sleep quality might play a significant role in mitigating this decline. This research aims to explore the correlation between sleep quality and cognitive performance in older adults through a longitudinal study.”

B. “Sleep quality is a critical factor in overall health and well-being. However, its specific impact on cognitive performance in older adults has not been thoroughly investigated. This study will examine the relationship between sleep quality and cognitive performance in a sample of older adults.”

C. “Older adults often experience changes in sleep patterns, which can affect their daily functioning. There is limited research on how these sleep changes specifically impact cognitive abilities in this population. This study will address this gap by analyzing the sleep quality and cognitive performance of older adults over six months.”

D. “Maintaining cognitive performance is essential for the quality of life in older adults. Sleep quality has been shown to influence cognitive functions, but more research is needed to understand this relationship in older adults. This study will contribute to this understanding by investigating the link between sleep quality and cognitive performance in older adults using both subjective and objective measures.”

Answer 20

C

Question 21

For a question to qualify as research question, the researcher must be able to A. develops metaphysical statements in the question based on concise statement of belief.

B. identifies the value statements in the question that reflect current societal norms

C. makes observations and then analyze these to find an answer

D. proposes several answers to the question that are equally acceptable

Answer 21

C

Question 22

Which of the following best describes the development process for a research question?

A. a broad question is made more specific as terms are more clearly defined

B. a broad question is made more specific to be more significant

C. a specific question is broadened as terms are more clearly defined

D. a specific question is broadened to more significant.

Answer 22

A

Question 23

Which of the following is a good research question?

A. Are teachers underpaid?

B. Does the phonics or the whole-language approach to reading lead to higher achievement?

C. How would the current generation of young adults react military reinstatement?

D. Is the “back to the basics” movement good for public schools?

Answer 23

B

Question 24

Which of the following is not a good research question?

A . Does the inclusion of metaphors in text increase reading comprehension?

B. Is it good to include civics courses in the high school curriculum?

C. Is the college retention rate greater for students who enroll in an academic skills program than for those who do not?

D. To what factors do successful teachers attribute their success?

Answer 24

B

Question 25

Which of the following questions meets the criteria of a well-formulated research question?

A. Should marijuana be legalized?

B. Would long periods of isolation alter child’s emotional development?

C. Will the use of peer critiques improve college students’ compositions?

D. What are political leaders like after they leave office?

Answer 25

C

Question 26

You are researching the impact of social media on adolescent mental health. You find an article from 2018 in a well-known psychology journal. Which of the following aspects should you consider most critically according to the CRAAP test?

A. Currency. The article’s publication date is 2018, which may be outdated.

B. Relevance. The article discusses general mental health, not specifically social media.

C. Authority. The article is authored by a professor with extensive experience in psychology.

D. Accuracy. The article includes references and data from recent studies.

Answer 26

A

Question 27

While reviewing a potential source for your paper on climate change, you come across a blog post written According to the CRAAP test, which criterion is most relevant in this situation?

by a self-proclaimed climate change expert. The post is filled with sensational language and lacks citations.

A. Authority. The author’s credentials and expertise are questionable.

B. Relevance. The blog post discusses climate change, which is relevant to your topic.

C. Accuracy. The information is, not supported by citations or evidence

D. Purpose: The language used is sensational and may be biased

Answer 27

A

Question 28

When synthesizing literature from various sources, which of the following approaches best ensures a comprehensive and coherent integration of information?

A. Summarizing each source separately without linking them.

B. Identifying common themes, trends, and gaps across the sources.

C. Quoting extensively from each source to maintain accuracy.

D. Relying solely on the most recent sources to ensure relevance.

Answer 28

B

Question 29

The sample analysis below shows double referencing where the original information is read by the researcher from a more recent source. Whose work shall be cited in the reference list?

Reading is a fundamental skill, deliberately required to succeed in school and to function in the community (Anderson et al., 1985 as cited in Amin, 2019)

Answer 29

Amin (2019)

Question 30

The sample analysis below shows a narrative type of in-text citation where the author is usually mentioned at the beginning of the analysis. What is the correct counterpart of this citation when cited as parenthetical af the end of the analysis?

Abbas (2021) reported that learners under Modular Distance Learning (MDL) experienced difficulties in comprehending the text of the modules.

A. Abbas (2021).

B. (Abbas, 2021)

C….. text of the modules. (Abbas, 2021)

D…. text of the modules (Abbas, 2021)

Answer 30

D

Question 31

Which of the following best differentiates a quasi-experimental design from a true experimental design?

A. Use of random assignment to groups

B. inclusion of a control group

C. Manipulation of an independent variable

D. Measurement of dependent variabies

Answer 31

A

Question 32

In correlational research, which of the following statements is accurate?

A. Correlational research can establish causal relationships between variables.

B. A high correlation between two variables implies that one variable causes changes in the other

C. Correlational research measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two or more variables.

D. Correlational résearch requires the manipulation of at least one independent variable

Answer 32

C

Question 33

When conducting an experimental study, what is the main purpose of using a control group? 31.

A. To increase the sample size and improve statistical power

B. To ensure that the results are generalizable to a larger population

C. To isolate the effect of the independent variable by controlling for extraneous variables

D. To provide descriptive data about the participants

Answer 33

C

Question 34

Which of the following is a key advantage of stratified sampling over simple random sampling?

A. It ensures that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected.

B. It reduces the potential for selection bias by using random sampling methods.

C. It improves the precision of estimates by ensuring representation from all subgroups within the population.

D. It is easier to implement and requires less detailed population information.

Answer 34

C

Question 35

In which sampling method is a starting point randomly chosen, followed by the selection of every kth individual from a list?

Answer 35

systematic sampling

Question 36

When is cluster sampling most appropriately used?

A. When the population is homogeneous and evenly distributed.

B. When the population is naturally divided into groups, and it is impractical to conduct a simple random sample.

C. When detailed population information is available for each subgroup.

D. When a high level of precision is required for each subgroup within the population.

Answer 36

B

Question 37

Which of the following statements accurately describes stratified sampling?

A. It involves dividing the population into clusters and randomly selecting entire clusters.

B. It ensures that different strata within the population are proportionately represented in the sample.

C. It is the same as systematic sampling but with added steps to account for stratification.

D. It involves selecting participants at regular intervals from a randomly ordered list.

Answer 37

B

Question 38

Which of the following is a potential drawback of using systematic sampling?

A. It requires detailed knowledge of population strata.

B. It may introduce bias if there is a hidden pattern in the population list.

C. It cannot be used with large populations.

D. It always produces less accurate results than simple random sampling.

Answer 38

B

Question 39

Which of the following methods is commonly used to assess the Titeïnal consistency reliability of a questionnaire?

Answer 39

Cronbach’s alpha

Question 40

Which of the following methods is commonly used to assess the Titeïnal consistency reliability of a questionnaire?

Answer 40

Construct validity

Question 41

Which type of validity is concerned with the extent to which a test measures the theoretical construct it is intended to measure?

Answer 41

Construct validity

Question 42

In the context of reliability testing, which of the following statements best describes test-retest reliability?

A. It assesses the consistency of results across different items of the same test.

B. It evaluates the extent to which different raters give consistent estimates of the same behavior.

C. It measures the stability of test scores over time by administering the same test to the same participants on two different occasions.

D. It examines the degree to which test items represent all aspects of the construct being measured.

Answer 42

C

Question 43

Which of the following techniques is most appropriate for ensuring the accuracy of data collected using a structured questionnaire?

A. Using opererided questions to capture detailed responses

B. Conducting pilot testing to identify and correct potential issues in the questionnaire.

C. Allowing participants to interpret questions in their own way.

D. Collecting data through face-to-face interviews only.

Answer 43

B

Question 44

When using a Likert scale in a survey, which of the following practices helps to minimize response bias?

A. Using an even number of response options to force a choice.

B. Mixing positively and negatively worded statements.

C. Providing a “neutral” option in the middle of the scale.

D. Including more than seven response options to capture subtle differences.

Answer 44

B

Question 45

Which of the following is a key advantage of using electronic data collection methods (e.g., online surveys) over traditional paper-based methods?

A. Increased likelihood of obtaining a representative sample.

B. Enhanced ability to ensure participant anonymity.

C. Greater ease of distributing surveys to a large, geographically dispersed sample.

D. Improved data accuracy due to reduced likelihood of participant error.

Answer 45

C

Question 46

The mean of Set A is greater than that of Set B.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

The mean of Set A and Set B are the same with the medians of Set A and Set B.

Answer 47

true

Question 48

The mean of Set B is greater than that of the computed medians of Set A and Set B.

Answer 48

false

Question 49

The mode of Set A is the same with the median of Set B.

Answer 49

False

Question 50

Which of the following statistical tests is most appropriate for comparing the means of two independent groups?

Answer 50

ineependent sample t-test

Question 51

When analyzing the relationship between two continuous variables, which statistical technique is most commonly used?

Answer 51

pearson correlation

Question 52

When performing a Pearson correlation analysis, what does an r value of -0.85 Indicate?

Answer 52

A strong negative linear relationship

Question 53

Which of the following statistical tests would you use to determine if there is a significant difference in median scores between two related groups?

Answer 53

Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Question 54

Which of the following conditions must be met to appropriately use the chi-square test of independence?

A. The variables must be continuous.

B. The data must be normally distributed.

C. Expected frequencies in each cell should be at least 5.

D. The sample sizes of the groups being compared must be equal.

Answer 54

C

Question 55

Which statistical technique would you use to assess the relationship between a binary dependent variable and a continuous independent variable?

Answer 55

Logistic regression

Question 56

In the context of bivariate analysis, what does it mean if the confidence interval for the difference between two means includes zero

A. The difference is statistically significant.

B. The means are identical.

C. There is no significant difference between the means.

D. The sample sizes are too small.

Answer 56

C

Question 57

Which of the following best practices should be followed when drawing conclusions from research findings?

A. Generalizing results beyond the scope of the study population.

B. Restating the research question arietypothesis without discussing the findings.

C. Linking the conclusions directly to the research objectives and evidence presented.

D. Ignoring limitations and focusing only on positive outcomes.

Answer 57

C

Question 58

Which of the following statements represents a meaningful conclusion that appropriately reflects the key findings of a study?

A. The findings were interesting and could be useful.

B. The study shows a significant positive correlation between exercise and mental health, suggesting that increased physical activity could improve psychological well-being.

C. There were some correlations, but more research is needed.

D. The study’s results were unexpected and therefore cannot be used to draw any conclusions.

Answer 58

B

Question 59

Which of the following strategies can strengthen the validity of conclusions drawn from research findings?

A. Ignoring contradictory evidence to maintain a clear narrative.

B. Using ambiguous language to keep conclusions flexible.

C. Triangulating findings with evidence from other studies to confirm consistency.

D. Presenting conclusions that solely support the original hypothesis.

Answer 59

C

Question 60

What type of recommendation is provided by the researcher?

A. Connects researchers with others who share similar interests or expertise

B. Guides researchers toward specific research topics or areas

C. Offers advice on research methodologies, statistical techniques, or experimental designs

D. Suggests specific research articles, papers, or publications

Answer 60

B

Question 61

What aspect of your research defense should focus on the significance and practical implications of your findings?

A. Literature review

B. Methodology section

C. Discussion and conclusion

D. Data analysis

Answer 61

C

Question 62

During your research defense, a committee member asks about potential limitations of your study’s methodology. Which of the following is the most appropriate response?

A. There are no significant limitations in the methodology; the study was designed meticulously.

B. While the sample size was adequate, future research could explore alternative methodologies to

further validate the findings.

C. The limitations were beyond my control, and they do not affect the credibility of the study.

D. I disagree with the notion of limitations; the research design was flawless.

Answer 62

B