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Animal Hygiene > PQ 2 > Flashcards

PQ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Control of mycotoxins with feed-additives

  • Use of adsorbents (eg zeolite, silicates), organic acids, biologically active substances (enzymes, yeasts)
  • Reduction of dry matter content of the feed depot, addition of enzymes
  • Treatment at harvest with organic acids e.g. formic acid, addition of organic sugars
  • Addition of essential amino acids, increase of starch content of the feed
A
  • Use of adsorbents (eg zeolite, silicates), organic acids, biologically active substances (enzymes, yeasts)
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2
Q

How would you describe Iodophors?

  • Most effective above 40 C.
  • pH optimum is above pH 6.
  • Not inactivated by organic debris.
  • They have powerful cleaning effect.
A
  • They have powerful cleaning effect.
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3
Q

How can we effectively reduce the CH4 emissions in livestock farming?

  • Using balanced feed rations and feed additives that have a positive effect on the ruminal florae
  • Using alternatives to carbon-based feed components
  • By radically reducing the number of ruminant farm animals.
  • By minimizing carbohydrate intake of animals
A
  • Using balanced feed rations and feed additives that have a positive effect on the ruminal florae
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4
Q

What modifies the individual stress reaction?

  • genetic determination
  • weather
  • nutrition
  • social rank
A
  • genetic determination
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5
Q

Why is it dangerous in heat stress when the humidity in the air is high?

  • Because it is only to operate ventilation systems with higher electricity consumption
  • Because in addition to the heat, there will also be an epidemic of respiratory diseases
  • Because heat loss on the surface of the body is not possible
  • Because the ability of animals to loss heat is significantly reduced both in the body surface and on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
A
  • Because the ability of animals to loss heat is significantly reduced both in the body surface and on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
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6
Q

What is the ideal location to build a farm

  • Hilltop
  • Valley
  • Fields sloping gently towards North
  • Fields sloping gently towards South
A
  • Fields sloping gently towards South
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7
Q

What is the name of the heat index used extensively in cattle?

  • Heatload Index, HLI
  • Summer Growth Index, SGI
  • Respiratory Rate Index, RRI
  • Temperature Humidity Velocity Index, THVI
A
  • Heatload Index, HLI
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of store-house moulds?

  • High relative humidity and high temperature
  • High water activity
  • Low temperature demand
  • Low water activity, low relative humidity
A
  • Low water activity, low relative humidity
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9
Q

what variables can be automatically monitored to detect the onset of calving with the system currently available (e.g Vel`phone, Media Elevate, Moocall)?

  • By observing changes in the intravaginal temperature and tail movement and posture (laying, standing)
  • With det detection of vocalisation of cows at the approaching calving
  • By monitoring the fullness of the udder
  • By measuring the concentration of the uterus
A
  • By observing changes in the intravaginal temperature and tail movement and posture (laying, standing)
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10
Q

From a thermoregulation point of view, what are the two large group of the animal kingdom

  • Poikiloterm and homeoterm
  • Izoterm adn mesoterm
  • hyperterm and hypoterm
  • continental and tropical
A
  • Poikiloterm and homeoterm
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11
Q

From an animal hygiene point of view, what are the most important groups of air pollutants?

  • Harmful gases and airborne particles (aerosols)
  • Dust and aerosols
  • Dust and bioaerosols
  • Neutral or toxic gases
A
  • Harmful gases and airborne particles (aerosols)
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12
Q

The main goal of Body Condition Scoring of dairy cows is to monitor the:

  • Protein supply
  • Long term energy balance
  • The energy density of the daily ration of the high producing dairy cows
  • To estimate the prevalence of relevant disorders of the didestive tract (subacute ruminal acidosis, rumenitis, diarea etc.)
A
  • Long term energy balance
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13
Q

Modern automatic miliking system ( milking robots) offer PLF service to users as integrated system. They play an important role in herd health monitoring protocols, such as udder health work. what is significant progress in this area?

  • The fact that the data collect by the robot can directly displayed on both desktop PC an handheld device, so that the veterinarian can always be up to date
  • The fact that the system monitors each quarter independently so the mastitis can be more accurately local<ed. in addition, it uses newer sensors in addition to the electrical conductivity of milk: the somatic cell count, changes in milk colour, milk temperature and even certain inflammation indicators can be measured
  • The fact that mastitis can be diagnosed without human involvement
  • The fact that the robot can automatically deliver medicine to the quarters and the system automatically ensures the seperation of milk
A
  • The fact that the system monitors each quarter independently so the mastitis can be more accurately local<ed. in addition, it uses newer sensors in addition to the electrical conductivity of milk: the somatic cell count, changes in milk colour, milk temperature and even certain inflammation indicators can be measured
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14
Q

Why is excessive NH3 formation an environmental threat?

  • When it is accumulating in the atmosphere, reflects the sun’s rays and support the cooling sown of Earth climate
  • It is able to persist in the higher layers of the airspace for a long time, it can turn into nitric oxide, with acids and SO2 it forms various NH4 salts, which as an aerosol pose a significant health risk- Harmful to water and soil ecosystem
  • It can make the air in urban environments extremely stinky and endanger the lives of its inhabitants
  • greenhouse gas
A
  • It is able to persist in the higher layers of the airspace for a long time, it can turn into nitric oxide, with acids and SO2 it forms various NH4 salts, which as an aerosol pose a significant health risk- Harmful to water and soil ecosystem
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15
Q

Which farm animal produces the highest amount of methane?

  • Sheep
  • Dairy cattle
  • Beef cattle
  • Pig
A
  • Dairy cattle
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16
Q

In case of disinfection with UV light, which statement is true?

  • It can’t be used to disinfect water.
  • Less effective if dust is present.
  • It is widely used in barns and stables.
  • It penetrates deeply into solid materials.
A
  • Less effective if dust is present.
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17
Q

What is typical of bioaerosols?

  • Bioaerosols are small ( approx. 0,5 to 100 um) airborne particles (their origin may be bacteria, viruses, spores, fungi, algae, protozoa, nuclei acid, pollen etc) which may affect the functioning of living organism (bioactive)
  • Bioaerosols are small-size material from live animals
  • Bioaerosols are actually aerosol particles that transport pathogens
  • Bioaerosols cannot be measured in the air, making it difficult to protect against them
A
  • Bioaerosols are small ( approx. 0,5 to 100 um) airborne particles (their origin may be bacteria, viruses, spores, fungi, algae, protozoa, nuclei acid, pollen etc) which may affect the functioning of living organism (bioactive)
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18
Q

What is the target Rumen Fill Score for high lactating dairy cows?

  • 3
  • 2
  • 3,5
  • 4
A
  • 3
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19
Q

What is the level of the thermal adaptation when animals change their metabolic intensity?

  • Medium-term
  • Long-term
  • Short-term (immediate)
  • The highest level
A
  • Medium-term
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20
Q

What is typical of H2S?

  • Water-soluble gas, heavier than air. typical locations are drains, underground drains, slurry storage tanks.
  • It is lighter than air, so its typical location os the higher ones of the air space of stables. it is particularly dangerous due to its corrosive effect on roof metal structures
  • It does not cause toxic symptoms, it poses a threat only because it is considered a greenhouse gas
  • Thee main place of formation is the fore stomach of ruminants
A
  • Water-soluble gas, heavier than air. typical locations are drains, underground drains, slurry storage tanks.
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21
Q

What affects the effect of zearalenone in farm animals?

  • Susceptibility of the species, amount of toxin intake, duration of toxin exposure and age of the animal
  • Susceptibility of the animal species
  • Duration of the toxin effect and age of the animal
  • Amount of toxin taken up by the animal
A
  • Susceptibility of the species, amount of toxin intake, duration of toxin exposure and age of the animal
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22
Q

What are plough-land molds

  • Fusarium, Alternaria, Stachybotris
  • Stachybotris, Penicillium, Fusarium
  • Aspergillus, Alternaria, Fusarium
  • Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium
A
  • Fusarium, Alternaria, Stachybotris
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23
Q

which microclimatic factors can be controlled primarily by ventilation?

  • most quality parameters, such as air humidity, temperature or the thermal chill in the animals: and not least the live germ content
  • among the quality parameters, the concentration of dust and the aerosol content
  • among the quality parameters, the concentration of foul-smelling substances and pouting gases
  • among the quality parameters, air live germ load
A
  • most quality parameters, such as air humidity, temperature or the thermal chill in the animals: and not least the live germ content
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24
Q

Aspects of feedtesting contaminated with mycotoxins

  • Consideration of production and health risks
  • Consideration of food safety, production and animal health risks
  • Quantitative usability
  • Tolerable concentration from a production point of view
A
  • Consideration of food safety, production and animal health risks
25
Q

What are the effects of fumonisin toxins in pigs?

  • They increase ovarian function, reduce the resistance of the claw, and increase the litter weight of piglets at birth
  • The so-called fattening or specific pulmonary edema.
  • Causes epithelial cell necrosis in epithelial tissues.
  • Increase the resistance of the horn
A
  • The so-called fattening or specific pulmonary edema.
26
Q

What term was introduced by Walter Bradford Cannon?

  • internal environment
  • Walter dissociation
  • distress
  • fight or flight
A
  • fight or flight
27
Q

what are the most practical tools for measuring air pollution in the enviromental hygiene assessment of stables.

  • Dry, Wet or electrostatic filters
  • Settings
  • Impingers
  • Electronic handheld devices from which data can be read directly from display
A
  • Electronic handheld devices from which data can be read directly from display
27
Q

what are the most practical tools for measuring air pollution in the enviromental hygiene assessment of stables.

  • Dry, Wet or electrostatic filters
  • Settings
  • Impingers
  • Electronic handheld devices from which data can be read directly from display
A
  • Electronic handheld devices from which data can be read directly from display
28
Q

What is perinatal estrogen syndrome?

  • In piglets splayleg, in sows early oestrus, good pregnancy can be observed.
  • The proportion of born piglets increases, but the litters are scattered, the sows spawn two weeks after calving
  • The proportion of stillborn piglets increases, the litter population decreases, the litters are scattered, the sows give birth prematurely, in piglets splayleg, in the case of slows purulent discharge is observed
  • The proportion of born piglets is increasing, the litters are balanced, in piglets splayleg, in sows pronounced oestrus can be observed.
A
  • The proportion of stillborn piglets increases, the litter population decreases, the litters are scattered, the sows give birth prematurely, in piglets splayleg, in the case of slows purulent discharge is observed
29
Q

In which waste category do the animals suspected of being infected by TSE belong?

  • Category 2
  • Category 1
  • Category 3
  • It is not a dangerous material; no special treatment is necessary
A
  • Category 1
30
Q

What levels are set when adapting animals to the heat environment

  • Phenotypic – genotypic
  • Slow – fast
  • Short-term (immediate) – medium term (e.g. metabolic) – long term (e.g. morphologic)
  • Weakly-, well- and highly adaptable
A
  • Short-term (immediate) – medium term (e.g. metabolic) – long term (e.g. morphologic)
31
Q

List the most important toxins of store-house molds

  • Zearalenone, trichothecene skeletal toxins, alpha toxin, rubratoxin A
  • Zearalenone, trichothecene backbone toxins, fumoninsin B1-6, satratoxins
  • Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, rubratoxin B, citrinin, patulin
  • Ochratoxin A, rubratoxin B, citrinin, zearalenone
A
  • Aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, rubratoxin B, citrinin, patulin
32
Q

Effect of zearalenone in female pigs at low toxin concentration

  • Normal ovarian function, but atrophy of the endometrium, hyperplasia, cervical epithelium hyperplasia. Functional asynchronous
  • A persistent corpus luteum is formed
  • Does not affect ovarian function
  • A polycystic ovarian lesion develops
A
  • Normal ovarian function, but atrophy of the endometrium, hyperplasia, cervical epithelium hyperplasia. Functional asynchronous
33
Q

What are the most important functional units of the thermoregulatory system?

  • The centre is located in the thalamus and the heat receptors are located in peripherals farther from the body centre
  • The center is in the brain, due to its overriding role, thermal regulation is primarily determined by the temperature of the blood in brain wessels, information about peripheral receptors affects internal body temperature only in few special situations, so their role is just secondary.
  • The centre is located in the cerebellum and the peripheral heat receptors are located in the oral or nasal cavity and regulate the operation of the centre
  • The center is located in the hypothalamus, the heat receptors are scattered both in the outer cover near the body surface and in the body cavity, the heat conservation or loss system is controlled based on the temperature gradients measured by the two above mentioned receptor types.
A
  • The center is located in the hypothalamus, the heat receptors are scattered both in the outer cover near the body surface and in the body cavity, the heat conservation or loss system is controlled based on the temperature gradients measured by the two above mentioned receptor types.
34
Q

What is the target Fecal Score for dairy dry cows and heifers?

  • 4
  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
A
  • 4
35
Q

What is the most important neuroendocrine component of the stress response?

  • Cardan axis
  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • pituitary-medullar axis
  • hipotalamic-hipocampal axis
A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

36
Q

In which waste category do the catering waste from means of transport operating internationally belong?

  • Category 1
  • Category 2
  • Category 3
  • It is not a dangerous material; no special treatment is necessary
A
  • Category 1
37
Q

What are the most important thermodynamic mechanisms in animal thermoregulation?

Heat equilisation – thermal conduction – thermal radiation – heat accumulation

Convection – conduction – evaporation

Induction – conduction – regulation

Convection – conduction – radiation – evaporation

A

Convection – conduction – radiation – evaporation

38
Q

Which is true for the cortisol/ corticosterone ratio?

  • cattle and dog; corticosterone dominance
  • birds; cortisol dominance
  • cattle, pigs and humans; corticosterone dominance
  • rabbits and birds; corticosterone predominance
A
  • rabbits and birds; corticosterone predominance
39
Q

How would you describe Sodium hypochlorite?

  • Mixing with formaldehyde can cause an explosion
  • More effective in higher temperature
  • At 1-2 % concentrations, it destroys vegetative forms of bacteria.
  • Stable, easy to store. Environmental conditions don’t really change the content
A

Mixing with formaldehyde can cause an explosion

40
Q

Which facility should be placed in the line of the fence?

  • Water source
  • Milking parlour
  • Manure handling area
  • Barns
A
  • Milking parlour
41
Q

Which gene Is modified in the PSS?

  • RYRI
  • PYP1
  • PIRI
  • SPS4
A
  • RYRI
42
Q

Which two factors can significantly affect the degree of formation of NH3?

  • Live germ load and climate of the enviroment
  • Temperatrue and pH
  • Light conditions and air pressure
  • Nitrogen and oxygen content of the air
A
  • Temperatrue and pH
43
Q

How should you organise a quarantine?

  • The quarantine area must be marked.
  • Quarantine lasts a minimum 2-3 days
  • The new animals must be separated from the rest of the herd
  • The tools can be used anywhere on the farm, but after the quarantine are they must be washed with water
A
  • The new animals must be separated from the rest of the herd
44
Q

What does the modified ryanodin receptor does in PSS?

  • Causes Mg inbalance
  • More Ca2+ ions enter the intracellular space than necessary
  • Initiates gluconeogenetic processes
  • Rises blood sugar level
A
  • More Ca2+ ions enter the intracellular space than necessary
45
Q

What is the recommended upper limit of CO2 concentrations in the air of livestock buildings?

  • 300 ppm (0.03%), and 200 ppm (0.02%) for young stock
  • 6000 ppm (0.6%)
  • 3000 ppm (0.3%), and 2000 (0.2%) for young stock
  • <1000 ppm (<0.1%)
A
  • 3000 ppm (0.3%), and 2000 (0.2%) for young stock
46
Q

Effect of zearalenone on pigs

  • Immunostimulant
  • Oestrogen mimetic
  • Uterotonic
  • Spasmolytic
A
  • Oestrogen mimetic
47
Q

Determination of mycotoxin

  • Mycotoxins are the metabolic products of molds
  • Mycotoxins are metabolic products of hat mushrooms
  • Mycotxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi
  • Mycotoxins are metabolic products of spore-producing microbes
A

Mycotxins are secondary metabolites of microscopic fungi

48
Q

What are the store-house moulds?

  • Stachybotris and Aspergillus species
  • Aspergillus and Fusarium species
  • Penicillium and Alternaria species
  • Aspergillus and Penicillium species
A
  • Aspergillus and Penicillium species
49
Q

Why is THI’s current limit lower for modern, high-production cows than in previous decades

Today, the breeding of cows has resulted in much higher production than it was a few decades ago. This is accompanied by a much more intensive metabolism, which has resulted in significantly higher internal heat production, which means that animals suffer from thermal temperatures even at lower ambient temperatures, i.e. they have a lower heat tolerance

THI is more accurate in this way, better predicting the expected loss of production

A much more precise measurement of THI’s components is possible than previously, so the limit had to be revised

It can be explained by global warming, as the weather gets warmer, animals suffer more from heat

A

Today, the breeding of cows has resulted in much higher production than it was a few decades ago. This is accompanied by a much more intensive metabolism, which has resulted in significantly higher internal heat production, which means that animals suffer from thermal temperatures even at lower ambient temperatures, i.e. they have a lower heat tolerance

50
Q

When are we going to talk about heat stress?

  • When the animal’s internal body temperature exceeds the reference value for the species
  • When animals can’t get rid of excess heat
  • When animals pant
  • When the environmental temperature exceeds the TNZ, the animals suffer from heat stress
A

When the environmental temperature exceeds the TNZ, the animals suffer from heat stress

51
Q

Which statement is true?

By injecting fresh air, the survival rate of bacteria can be significantly reduced and therefore the environmental live germ load

Fresh air must be released to such an extent that the air movement in the livestock building constantly be > 3,5 m/s

Fresh air inlet is recommended only during summer

Fresh air can improve the air quality of the stable by reducing the concentration of harmful gases, but it is also a significant source of infection due to the continuous live germ load from the environment

A

By injecting fresh air, the survival rate of bacteria can be significantly reduced and therefore the environmental live germ load

52
Q

What are the most important components of the stench in the vicinity of livestock buildings?

The most important chemical components of the stench are H2S and CH4.

Nitrogen

The chemical composition of the stench cannot be deffinided accurately, but it is mainly caused by metabolites produced by microorganisms that break down manure

The most common stinkers are short-chain carbon and volatile organic acids, mercaptans, asesters, carbonyls, aldehydes, alcohols, ammonia, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, xylene, toulene, p-cresole

A

The most common stinkers are short-chain carbon and volatile organic acids, mercaptans, asesters, carbonyls, aldehydes, alcohols, ammonia, mono-, di-, and trimethylamine, xylene, toulene, p-cresole

53
Q

What are the two large groups of ventilation systems in livestock buildings?

  • Constant and partial ventilation
  • Ducted or infreced ventilation
  • Fast and slow ventilation
  • Natural (passive) and artificial (active) ventilation
A
  • Natural (passive) and artificial (active) ventilation
54
Q

What is Homeothermia?

Homeotermia when the internal temperature of the body does not change for a long time

Homeotermia when internal temperature is 37 degrees Celsius constantly

Homeothermia when there is no hyperthermia or hypothermia, i.e. internal heat conditions are optimal for biological processes.

Homeothermia when the temperature is the same both on the surface of the body and in the body cavity and this is ideal for biochemical processes in the body

A

Homeothermia when there is no hyperthermia or hypothermia, i.e. internal heat conditions are optimal for biological processes.

55
Q

What do we call microclimate in animal keeping?

  • A well-defined space, the climatic factors of which are specific, may even differ from the surrounding environment (special habitats, artificial objects such as stables, etc.)
  • Microclimate is a combination of microbiological and environmental factors surrounding the animal
  • Climatic environments measured on the body surface of animals or in their immediate vicinity within 1 m
  • A well-defined space with known climatic and microbiological factors may differ significantly from the parameters of the wider environment
A

A well-defined space, the climatic factors of which are specific, may even differ from the surrounding environment (special habitats, artificial objects such as stables, etc.)

56
Q

List the trichothecene backbone mycotoxins

  • T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS (diacetoxycirpenol), DON (deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin); NIV (nivalenol), fusarenone-X
  • Rubratoxin A, DON (deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin), NIV (nivalenol), fusarenone-X
  • T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS (diacetoxycirpenol), DON (deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin), fumonisin B1-6, ochratoxin A
  • Zearalenone, HT-2 toxin, DAS (diacetoxycirpenol), DON (deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin); NIV (nivalenol), fusarenone-X
A

T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS (diacetoxycirpenol), DON (deoxynivalenol, vomitoxin); NIV (nivalenol), fusarenone-X

57
Q

Thermal sense indexes are actually simple mathematical models. What are they expressing to us?

The temperature at which the animals gets sick due to the heat

Health status of the animal, its natural resistance to environmental extremes

The expected reactions of the animal (based on species, breed, breeding purpose, age, sexual, etc) it changes in the heat environment, actually it means the expected heat tolerance of the animals

The values of the lower critical temperature, the upper critical temperature and the optimal temperature

A

The expected reactions of the animal (based on species, breed, breeding purpose, age, sexual, etc) it changes in the heat environment, actually it means the expected heat tolerance of the animals

Animal Hygiene (2 decks)

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