Ppts #2 NP 1 Flashcards by April King

What is the role of a receptor?

Detects stimulus

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What is the role of a control centre?

Integrates input and initiates change

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What is the role of an effector?

Brings about change in response to stimulus

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What are the cells that surround the neuron?

Neuroglial

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What does amitotic mean?

No mitosis

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Is an electrical charge carried through the plasma membrane of the neuron?

Yes

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Dendrites and cell body transmit what kind of impulse?

Graded potential

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Can the cell body can transmit excitatory as well as inhibitory graded potentials toward the axon?

Yes

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Where are graded potentials initiated?

Within the neuron’s Cell body

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Neurons transmit action potentials to what 3 kinds of cells?

Other Neuron
Glands cell
Muscle cell

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What are the three next structures following cell body?

Axon hillock, axon, axon terminals

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What insulates the axon?

Myelin

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What type of cell is myelin? It’s a helper cell.

Neuroglial

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What are the neuroglial cells that are in the PNS called?

Neurolemmocytes

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What’s another word for neurolemmocytes?

Schwann cells

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CNS has what type of helper cells?

Oligodendrocytes

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What are the gaps between the Schwann cells called?

Nodes of Ranvier (Ron vee ay)

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What’s the name of the conduction of a nerve impulse that travels from node to node along the axon?

Saltatory conduction

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What so conductivity?

Electrical change carried along plasma membrane

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Multipolar neurons are…

Motor neurons and interneurons

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Unipolar neurons are…

Where do they stay?

General sensory neurons

Hang out in ganglia

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Bipolar neurons are

Special sensory neurons

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How does the axon swell when damaged?

Axoplasmic flow

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Name of what happens when axon deteriorates is?

Wallerian degeneration

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What is the rate of axon regeneration?

2-5 mm per day

Name of what neurolemmocytes release to cause axon to regrow

Neuron growth factor

Can nerve regrowth happen in CNS?

No. One reason is because CNS lacks neurolemmocytes to produce NGF.

Calcium pump pumps calcium into the _______ environment _______(against or toward) its concentration gradient.

Extracellular | Against

Sodium potassium pump pumps Na ______ the cell and K ______ the cell.

Outside | Inside

What does NaK pump provide that the Ca pump does not?

Coupled transport

What kind of impulses does the sodium potassium pump produce in the neuron and muscle cells?

Electrochemical impulses

What provides energy for NaK pump?

ATP

3 different kinds of channels are...

Leak channels Chemically gated channels Voltage-gated channels

What do voltage gated channels open in response to?

Changes in electrical potential , Na+, K+, Ca2+

Which kind of channel has the three different states and three different gates?

The voltage gated Na+ channels

What are the three states of the voltage gated Na+ channel?

Resting state Activation state Inactivation state

Another word for extracellular fluid

Interstitial fluid

Another word for intercellular fluid

Cytosol

At rest what is permeable inside the cell? Sodium, potassium, chloride.

Sodium slightly permeable Potassium freely permeable Chloride low permeability

What opens during a graded potential?

Chemically gated ion channels

Where do graded potentials happen?

Dendrites, and soma

What would you call a short lived change in the Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)?

Graded potential

What happens to the cell membrane when her potential happens?

Permeability changes

What does graded mean in grade potential?

Local

Would graded potential within a cell be a positive or negative grade potential?

Positive, because positive ions from outside the neuron are rushing into the negative interior environment of the neuron(?)

What does graded potential allow of The ions outside the neuron to do during graded Potential?

Allows na+ or K+ to move thru membrane

What are the 4 stages of action potentials that we saw on the graph?

Resting Depolarization Repolarization Hyperpolarization

_________ occurs when Na+ voltage channels open.

Propagation

What does myelin's insulation do?

Prevents leakage of charge during action potential

Difference between continuous conduction and saltatory conduction.

Continuous doesn't have nodes of Ranvier and looks to have a slower rate that saltatory.

Difference between conduction speed of A fibers B fibers and C fibers

A-fibers fast B-fibers slow C-fibers slow

Difference between myelination (also size) of A fibers B fibers and C fibers

A fibers myelinated and large diameter B fibers myelinated and small diameter C fibers unmyelinated axon and dendrites

Difference between effected areas of A fibers and B fibers

A fibers muscles, joints, large sensory nerves | B fibers viscera to the brain, spinal cord and ans

What does refractory period do?

Limits the number of action potentials that can happen in a specific amount of time Absolute refractory period is when Na+ are inactive (don't know why?) Relative refractory period is when K+ channels are still open (only strong stimulus can overcome this period)

Which refractory period happens during action potential?

Absolute

At voltage gated Na+ channels' resting state which gates are open? (Inactivation gate and activation gate)

Activation gate closed | Inactivation gate open

At voltage gated Na+ channels' activation state which gates are open? (Inactivation gate and activation gate)

Both are open

At voltage gated Na+ channels' inactivation state which gates are open? (Inactivation gate and activation gate)

Inactivation gate closed | Activation gate open

What is resting membrane potential?

When axon is not conducting an impulse

Chemically gated ion channels open from ...

Neurotransmitters binding to Ka+ and Cl —

Voltage gated ion channels open from ...

Change in electrical potential Na+, K+ Ca²+

Pumps go against or along conc gradient?

Against

Channels go along or against their conc gradient?

Along

Leak channels close sometimes. True or false?

False

Where are chemically gated ion channels located? Where are voltage gated ion channels located?

Soma and dendrites (?) | Axon(?)

What rushes into the cell during a graded potential?

Na+ or K+

Do neurons communicate by graded potentials?

No. They communicate by action potentials

What has to happen before a graded potential can become an action potential?

Summation

Depolarization, which channels are open? Which are closed? Na and k

Open na | Closed K

Resting membrane potential, which channels are open? Which are closed? Na and k

Both are closed

What happens with na during repolarization? | What happens with K?

Permeability decreases Na channels close (both activation and inactivation gates close) Permeability increases K channels open

What happens with K channels during hyperpolarization?

K+ channels close slowly

What happens to the gates of the voltage- gated channels along the axon as the action potential is going through it?

The Na gates behind depolarization close | The Na gates in front of depolarization open

Which type of neuron fibers use saltatory conduction? A, B or C?

A- fibers

What is the tunnel called that Schwann cells create for the damaged axon to grow through?

Regeneration tube

What does the damaged axon swell by?

Axoplasmic flow

What does the damaged axon break down by?

Wallerian degeneration

List which order 1-5: ``` A: Innervation restored B: Axon seals and swells C: Trauma severs axon D: Regeneration tube forms E: Axon regenerates and remyelinates ```

``` A: 5 B: 2 C: 1 D: 3 E: 4 ```