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Immunology Block 2 > Ppt5 > Flashcards

Ppt5 Flashcards

1
Q

in order for the cell-mediated response to be active, what must always be present?

A

antigen

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2
Q

can humoral immunity be transfered to a fetus?

A

yes

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3
Q

can cell-mediated immunity be transfered to a fetus?

A

no

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4
Q

what will IL-2 do?

A

activate: B, NK, T helper, T cytotoxic cells

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5
Q

T helper cells help defend against?

A

parasites, cancer, bacteria/viruses inside host cell

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6
Q

T helper cells will regulate the proliferation and activity of these cells:

A

B cells, macrophages, neutrophils

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7
Q

t cells only react to antigen combined or associated with this molecules

A

MHC

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8
Q

how to t helper cells kill microbes?

A

they stimulate macrophages that have ingested the microbe to kill it

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9
Q

do natural killer cells require antigen stimulation?

A

no

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10
Q

are natural killer cells phagocytic?

A

no

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11
Q

how are macrophages activated in the cell-mediated response?

A

by using the CD40-CD40L interaction and through INF-y

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12
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cell-mediated response?

A

1) induction phase2) effector phase

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13
Q

what characterises the induction phase?

A

CD4+ and CD8+ T cells recognise antigen presented by dendritic cells in peripheral organs causing them to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that enter the circulation…they bind to activated endothelial cells

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14
Q

what characterises the effector phase?

A

the effector t cells will recognise the antigen and release cytokines to activate phagocytes to kill the microbe or if CTL’s kill it directly

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15
Q

what cells will migrate through the endothelium that has been previously activated by cytokines? what cells cannot migrate through activated endothelium?

A

effector t cells and memory t cellsnaive t cells cant

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16
Q

what cells are activated and retained in the sites of infection?

A

t cells that specifically recognize antigen

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17
Q

cells that do not recognize antigen in site of infection will…

A

return to circulation

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18
Q

can resting APC’s that encounter antigen stimulate T cells?can they present antigen?

A

nope, they don’t express co-stimulators, yes they can present antigen though

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19
Q

what happens if t cells are exposed to antigen without co-stimulation?

A

they may become unresponsive to future presentations of that antigenTHEY MAY BECOME ANERGIC

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20
Q

what receptor do naive T cells have in order to recognize B7 co-stimulators on APC’s?

A

CD28

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21
Q

when APC presents antigen through MHC to Helper T cell, what does the T helper cell do?

A

T helper cell will secrete IL-12 and recognize the IL-12 causing it to proliferate

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22
Q

when the T helper cell recognizes IL-12 and proliferates, what will some of the clones become?

A

some are memory and others effector cells

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23
Q

what cells express the low affinity IL-2 receptor complex?

A

Naive T cells

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24
Q

what will activate the IL_2 receptor complex in naive T cells? what will activation of the IL-2 receptor complex in Naive T cells cause?

A

antigen recognition and co-stimulationit will cause expression of IL-2 cytokine

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25
Q

Once naive T cells express IL-2 cytokine, what happens to the IL-2 receptor complex?

A

it will become high affinity

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26
Q

how many TCR need to be cross-linked in order for a immune response to take place?

A

2 or more TCR

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27
Q

cells use this adhesion molecule receptor to bind to endothelial cells

A

LFA-1

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28
Q

LFA-1 will bind to what on endothelial cells?

A

ICAM-1

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29
Q

what is an ITAM?

A

tyrosine activating motif

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30
Q

what is used to bind to VCAM?

A

VLA-4

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31
Q

what are two examples of integrins?

A

VLA-4 and LFA-1

32
Q

what receptor will bind to B7 in order to inhibit T cells?

A

CTLA-4

33
Q

what is CD152?

A

CTLA-4

34
Q

CTLA-4 will bind to naive t cells or activated t cells?

A

to activated t cells in order to inhibit them

35
Q

when can we use CTLA-4?

A

when we have autoreactive T cells that are proliferating uncontrollably

36
Q

When is CTLA-4 very, very, very important?

A

for maintaining self-tolerance

37
Q

T helper cells that have differentiated express what? and secrete what?

A

CD40-L and secrete cytokines

38
Q

T helper cells expressing CD40L will bind to what?

A

to macrophages with CD40 or B cells with CD40

39
Q

When T helper cells bind to macrophages using CD40L-CD40, what will this do? is this a cell-mediated reaction?

A

it delivers the signal to kill microbes, and yes it is a cell-mediated reaction

40
Q

how does effector T helper cell work in humoral immunity?

A

T helper cells bind to B cells using CD40L-CD40 and cause them to secrete specific antibody

41
Q

What do T helper 1 cells do to phagocytes? and how do they do it?

A

they activate phagocytes by secretion of IFN-y

42
Q

what do T helper 1 cells do to CTL’s?

A

help them differentiate into effector CTL’s

43
Q

What do T helper 1 cells do to B cells?

A

make stimulate them to produce IgG

44
Q

which subset of IgG will T helper 1 cells stimulate B cells to produce?

A

IgG 1 and IgG 3

45
Q

what will T helper 2 cells cause B cells to do?

A

they will make B cells produce antibodies and class switch to IgG 4 or IgE

46
Q

What do CTL’s release from their granules?

A

perforins and gramzymes

47
Q

what do perforins and gramzymes do?

A

cause the activation of apoptotic pathways

48
Q

what accessory molecules are needed on the CTL and the target cell in order for the CTL to do its work?

A

LFA-1 and CD8

49
Q

What ligand is expressed on CTL’s surface that leads to apoptosis of the target cell?

A

FAS-L

50
Q

What disease results from a mutation in the FAS-L receptor?

A

ALPS

51
Q

What type of infection in macrophages will lead to the differentiation of T helper 1 cells?

A

intracellular bacteria or virus

52
Q

what other pathway leads to differentiation of T helper cells to T helper 1 cells?

A

Toll-like receptors

53
Q

infection of macrophages in innate immunity through engagement of toll-like receptors will lead to expression of what cytokine? though what cell-cell interaction and receptor engagement will the cytokine be released?

A

IL-12

  • T helper cell and APC engage CD40-CD40L
54
Q

what does IL-12 activate in T helper cells?

A

STAT 4

55
Q

what does INF-y cause in APC’s?

A

production of more IL-12

56
Q

what does INF-y activate in T helper cells?

A

Tbet

57
Q

what does Tbet in T helper cells do?

A

regulates differentiation to T helper 1

58
Q

What does STAT 4 in T helper cells do?

A

causes T helper cells to differentiate to T Helper 1 cells

59
Q

On what do T helper cells depend on to differentiate to T helper 2 cells?

A

IL-4

60
Q

what will IL-4 activate in T Helper cells?

A

STAT 6

61
Q

In presence of antigen and while STAT 6 is activated, what transcription factor activates in T helper cells? what does it do?

A

GATA 3 activates and leads to T Helper 2 differentiation

62
Q

what does TH1 cells secrete?

A

INF-y

TNF

IL-2

63
Q

what do T helper 2 cells secrete?

A

IL-4/5/10/13

64
Q

TH 2 cells will recruit what cells mainly?

A

eosinophils

65
Q

TH 1 cells will recruit what type of cells mainly?

A

monocytes

66
Q

TH 1 cells will stimulate what isotype subset of antibodies?

A

IgG 1 and IgG3

67
Q

TH 2 cells will stimulate what antibody isotype mainly?

A

IgE

IgG1

IgG4

68
Q

what T helper cell subset will activate macrophages to repair tissue?

A

TH2

69
Q

IL-2 secreted by TH 1 cells will increase what molecules on macrophages and dendritic cells?

A

it will increase MHC 2 and co-stimulators

70
Q

IFN-y secreted by TH 1 cells will help what 2 cells? how?

A

1) it helps macrophages by activating them (will kill microbes)
2) helps B cells to secrete IgG(1 and 3) antibodies that coat microbe for opsonization

71
Q

TH 1 cells secrete TNF, what will this do?

A

recruit neutrophils

72
Q

what will IL-4 secreted by TH 2 cells do to B cells? what will it do to other T helper cells?

A

it causes them to secrete IgE

causes other T helper cells to differentiate into TH 2

73
Q

what will IL-5 secreted by TH 2 cells do?

A

activation of eosinophils

74
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

protect against parasites (helminths)

75
Q

cytokines from TH 2 will inhibit activation of who?

A

macrophages

Immunology Block 2 (3 decks)

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