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Zoology - Lecture 10 (Circulatory System) > PPT-based > Flashcards

PPT-based Flashcards

1
Q

The functions of the circulatory system

A

 carry out nutrients and oxygen to cells
 carry waste away from cells
 carry chemical signals from one body
part to another
 distribute heat throughout the body
 maintain fluid levels

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2
Q

Who are those that do not need a circulatory system?

A

unicellular organisms (ex. amoeba)

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3
Q

A simple aquatic multicellular organism that lacks a circulatory system.

A

sponge

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4
Q

Who are those that require a circulatory system?

A

Complex Multicellular Organisms

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5
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

open and close

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6
Q

blood is pumped by the heart through vessels, and does not normally fill body cavities

A

close circulatory system

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7
Q

What organisms have close circulatory systems?

A

echinoderms and vertebrates

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8
Q

In the open circulatory system, what fluid is pumped through a blood vessel that empties through a body cavity, and what blood vessel does it return to?

A

hemolymph; ostia

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9
Q

What organisms have open circulatory systems?

A

mollusks
crustaceans
insects

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10
Q

What does the Blood circulation
by Cardiovascular System comprised of?

A

heart
blood vessels
blood

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11
Q

What does the Lymph circulation
by Lymphatic System comprised of?

A

lymphatic vessels
lymph
nodes

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12
Q

the central organ of the cardiovascular
system

A

heart

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13
Q

What are the pericardial membranes and layers of the heart wall?

A
  • endocardium
  • myocardium
  • epicardium
  • pericardial layer
  • parietal layer of serous pericardium
  • fibrous pericardium
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14
Q

What are the blood vessel layers?

A
  • tunica externa
  • tunica media
  • tunica intima
  • basement membrane
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15
Q

carry blood from the heart to capillaries

A

arteries

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16
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capilliaries
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17
Q

What are the types of arteries?

A

elastic arteries
muscular arteries

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18
Q

largest arteries closest to heart; thick layers of elastic fibers

A

elastic arteries

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19
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A

aorta and pulmonary arteries

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20
Q

The walls of these arteries have lots of smooth muscle, which means that they are able to contract or relax (dilate) to change the amount of blood delivered, as needed.

A

muscular arteries

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21
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A
  • Femoral
  • Radial
  • Brachial arteries
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22
Q

return blood capillaries to the heart

A

veins

23
Q

Blood vessel where the transfer system between arteries and veins occur

A

capillaries

24
Q

transport medium of the circulatory
system

A

blood

25
Q

How many compartments in the heart does a fish have?

A

2 compartments

26
Q

What do you call the upper chamber in the heart of a fish?

A

auricle

27
Q

What do you call the lower chamber in the heart of a fish?

A

ventricle

28
Q

A chamber in the heart of a fish where all the blood from all the parts of the body is sent

A

auricle

29
Q

auricle pumps blood into the — and that pumps that blood to — for the purpose of oxygenation.

A

ventricle; gills

30
Q

In a heart of a fish, what is the elastic compartment which does not pump, but has the ability to stretch and squeeze?

A

cunos

31
Q

How many and what types of hearts does a squid have?

A

2 gill hearts and 1 systemic heart

32
Q

In squids, what type of heart forces blood under pressure to the gills?

A

gill heart

33
Q

In squids, what type of heart forces blood under pressure to the rest of the body?

A

systemic heart

34
Q

In most reptiles and amphibians, how many chambers do their hearts have? What are those?

A

3 chambers; 2 artia and 1 ventricle

35
Q

In most reptiles and amphibians, what divides the atrium into two separate parts?

A

septum

36
Q

What do animals have when both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed? What are those animals?

A

2 atria, 1 ventricle; reptiles and amphibians

37
Q

What do you call a circulation that comprises one atrium and one ventricle? What type of capillaries do they have?

A

single circulation; gill capillaries

38
Q

What circulation do reptiles, amphibians, and mammals have? What type of capillaries do they have?

A

double circulation; lung capillaries

39
Q

How many and what are the chambers in a mammalian heart?

A

2 ventricles, 2 atria

40
Q

causes both atria to contract simultaneously 70-80 impulses

A

sinoatrial node (pacemaker)

41
Q

passes the impulse to the walls of the ventricles, which contract simultaneously

A

atrioventricular node

42
Q

Fluid found in the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries (the smallest type of blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products from them.

A

interstitial fluid

43
Q

the fluid exits the capillary when

A

hydrostatic pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure

44
Q

the fluid re-enters the capillary when

A

osmotic pressure is greater than the hydrostatic pressure

45
Q

supports the circulatory system by draining excess fluids and proteins from tissues back into the bloodstream, thereby preventing tissue swelling.

A

lymphatic system

46
Q

two types of adaptive immune response that enable the human body to defend itself in a targeted way against harmful agents such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Both rely on the functions of lymphoid cells

A

Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity

47
Q

is all about the b cells and antibodies, its main function is to provide immediate protection against many bacteria and viruses. This is activated when cells in the body are infected by a virus, bacterium, or fungus (intracellular invaders).

A

Humoral Immune Response

48
Q

What cell produces antibodies?

A

plasma cells

49
Q

Example conditions of humoral Immune Response

A

anaphylaxis and eczema

50
Q

does not rely on antibodies to
perform adaptive immunological activities.

A

cell-mediated response

50
Q

is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you’re allergic to, such as peanuts or bee stings.

A

anaphylaxis

51
Q

What cells activate cell-mediated immunity?

A

T cells

52
Q

the main drivers of cell-mediated
immunity

A
  • Mature T cells
  • macrophages
  • the production of cytokines in response
    to an antigen
53
Q

Example conditions of the cell-mediated response

A

toenail fungus and Contact dermatitis

Zoology - Lecture 10 (Circulatory System) (2 decks)

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