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Zoology - Lecture 10 (Circulatory System) > Book-based > Flashcards

Book-based Flashcards

1
Q

Give some simple multicellular forms that lack the internal complexity and metabolic demands that would require a circulatory system

A

sponges, cnidarians, flatworms

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2
Q

What is the body fluid of a single-celled organism that describes as a liquid-gel substance in which the various membrane systems and organelles are suspended?

A

cellular cytoplasm

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3
Q

What are the two main compartments of body fluids?

A

intracellular and extracellular

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4
Q

the collective fluid inside the body’s cells

A

intracellular compartment (intracellular fluid)

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5
Q

the fluid outside and surrounding the cells

A

extracellular compartment (extracellular fluid)

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6
Q

What are the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid?

A
  • blood plasma
  • interstitial (intercellular) fluid
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7
Q

What are the chief extracellular electrolytes?

A
  • sodium chloride
  • bicarbonate ions
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8
Q

What are the major intracellular electrolytes?

A
  • potassium
  • magnessium
  • phosphate ions
  • proteins
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9
Q

The “blood” of invertebrates with open circulatory systems is more complex and is often called —

A

hemolymph

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10
Q

a complex liquid tissue composed of plasma and formed elements or cellular components suspended in plasma.

A

blood (vertebrates)

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11
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins?

A
  • albumin
  • globulin
  • fibrinogen
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12
Q

Give the formed elements in blood (vertebrates)

A
  • RBC or erythrocytes
  • WBC or leukocytes
  • cell fragments (platelets in mammals or thrombocytes in other vertebrates)
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13
Q

A plasma protein that helps keep plasma in osmotic equilibrium with cells of the body

A

albumins

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14
Q

A plasma protein that is very large and functions in blood coagulation

A

fibrinogen

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15
Q

Plasma minus the proteins involved in clot formation

A

serum

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16
Q

red cells form continuously from large nucleated —– in red bone marrow

A

erythroblasts

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17
Q

large scavenger cells located in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen

A

macrophages

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18
Q

Iron from the heme component of hemoglobin is salvaged to be used again; the rest of the heme is converted to a bile pigment called —

A

biliburin

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19
Q

What are the different kinds of white blood cells?

A
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
  • Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
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20
Q

In vertebrates, — is the dominant hemostatic defense.

A

blood coagulation

21
Q

Thrombin is normally present in blood in an inactive form called —

A

prothrombin

22
Q

Blood circulation where the circulating fluid, blood, is confined to vessels throughout its journey through the vascular system.

A

closed circulation

23
Q

A blood circulation where there are no small blood vessels or capillaries interfacing with cells or connecting arteries with veins.

A

open circulation

24
Q

In insects and other arthropods, in most mollusks, and in many smaller invertebrate groups blood sinuses, collectively called a —, replace capillary beds found in animals with closed systems.

A

hemocoel

25
Q

What are the 2 compositions of hemocoel?

A
  • primary body cavity (persistent blastocoel)
  • secondary coelomic cavities (hemolymph)
26
Q

In arthropods, the heart and all viscera lie in the hemocoel, bathed by blood. Blood enters the heart through valved openings called —

A

ostia

27
Q

A —- pumps blood into — that branch and narrow into — and then into a vast system of — that interfaces with cells in body tissues. Blood leaving capillaries enters — and then — that return the blood to the heart.

A
  • heart
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • veins
28
Q

In a fish heart, the atrium is preceded by an enlarged chamber called the —-, which collects blood from the venous system to assure a smooth delivery of blood to the heart.

A

sinus venosus

29
Q

With the evolution of lungs instead of gills between the heart and aorta, vertebrates developed a high-pressure double circulation which is composed of

A
  • a systemic circuit
  • a pulmonary circuit
30
Q

A circuit in double circulation that provides oxygenated blood to the capillary beds of the body organs

A

systemic circuit

31
Q

A circuit in double circulation that serves the lungs

A

pulmonary circuit

32
Q

a muscular organ located in the thorax and covered by a tough, fibrous sac

A

mammalian heart

33
Q

The tough, fibrous sac that covers the mammalian heart

A

pericardium

34
Q

Blood returning from the lungs flows through the —-and collects in the —-, passes into the —-, and is pumped into the body (systemic) circulation via the —-. Blood returning from the body flows through the —– and —- into the —- and passes into the —- , which pumps it into the lungs via the —-.

A
  • pulmonary veins
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
  • aorta
  • inferior (posterior)
  • superior(anterior) vena cava
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary arteries
35
Q

The backflow of blood in the heart is prevented by two sets of valves. These are the

A

left atrioventricular (bicuspid) and right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valves

36
Q

prevent backflow from pulmonary arteries and aorta into the ventricles.

A

semilunar valves

37
Q

Contraction is called —, and relaxation —-

A

systole ; diastole

38
Q

volume of blood forced from either ventricle each minute

A

cardiac output

39
Q

Vertebrate cardiac muscle does not depend on nerve activity to initiate a contraction. Instead, regular contractions are established by specialized cardiac muscle cells, called

A

pacemaker cells

40
Q

In a nonavian reptile, bird, or mammal heart
the pacemaker is in the —-

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

41
Q

The —- in the brain provides external regulation to the heart and is located in the medulla

A

cardiac center

42
Q

the heart muscle requires that the heart have its own vascular supply, the —-

A

coronary circulation

43
Q

Another term for heart attack

A

myocardial infarction

44
Q

What heart beats simultaneously and involuntarily even if completely removed from the body? These are specialized muscle cells that initiate the heartbeat.

A

myogenic (“muscle origin”)

45
Q

In these hearts, a cardiac ganglion (group of nerve
cell bodies) located on the heart serves as a pacemaker. If this ganglion is separated from the heart, the heart stops beating, even though the ganglion itself remains rhythmically active.

A

neurogenic (“nerve origin”)

46
Q

An artery that carries oxygenated blood is —
and the artery that carries the deoxygenated blood is —

A

aorta; pulmonary artery

47
Q

An artery that can increase or decrease their
diameter

A

muscular arteries

48
Q

Today, blood pressure is measured in humans with an instrument called a —-

A

sphygmomanometer.

Zoology - Lecture 10 (Circulatory System) (2 decks)

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