PPT # 2 History of Psychotherapy Flashcards
What are the elements of counseling as mentioned by Frank & Frank (1993)?
- “Healing” Agent – (i.e. therapist)
- “Sufferer”: Individual, Couple, Family, Group, etc.
- Healing Relationship: Series of structured contacts
What is the most important aspect of the therapy process?
Relationship building!
What are the steps in the therapy process?
- Relationship building
- Assessment & diagnosis
- Planning
- Intervention
- Termination
- Follow-up
Describe relationship building.
This is where you get to know the client more
What tool do you use for Assessment and Diagnosis, What does it include?
- DSM-V or ICD diagnosis
During the assessment and diagnosis, what does the client and counselor work to develop an understanding of ?
- the problems or concerns the client wants to address;
- the ways in which the client’s cognitive and emotional attitudes, decision-making capabilities, and behaviors are contributing to the problems or concerns troubling the client;
- the changes that might be necessary to address the problems;
- what needs to happen for the desired change to take place.
In the therapy process, what does planning involve?
- Development of treatment plan
- Prioritize concerns
- Establish a mutually agreed-upon set of goals
What does intervention encompass in the therapeutic process?
- work to achieve the agreed upon goals
- Establish a number of specific, measurable objective
- Monitor and discuss the client’s progress
Within the treatment plan elements, what are the goals for therapy?
- What changes do you hope to see in the couple/family by the end of therapy?
- What will therapy target?
- Goal for Goals - Balance between Client-Focused and Therapist-Focused
Discuss Clients Goals vs Therapist Goals…
- Client Goals:
- Pro: Client-focused, connected to presenting problem
- Con: May not be feasible for therapy, may not connect to theories, may be focused on individual instead of system - Therapist Goals –
- Pro: Connected to theory and model, informed by literature
- Cons: may not represent client’s needs
What are the last steps in the therapy process?
Termination and Follow-up
What is included in the termination process?
- The therapist or the client initiate discussion of termination
- Termination begins before the final session
What should the therapist and client review during the termination process?
- the progress that has been made in achieving the goals they set for therapy
- the personal assets/growth the client has developed for dealing with future problems
- Plan for future issues
What are three historical traditions of counseling?
- Religiomagical
- Rhetorical
- Empirical/Naturalistic
Describe Religiomagical.
- Priests, Shamans, Religious healers
- Emphasized ritual, community connection, and introspection
- Connection: to each other, to ancestors, to spirits, etc.
- Value of culture and belief
Describe Rhetorical
- Greek “noble” rhetoric – aimed at persuading toward the “good”
- Plato “noble” rhetoric sought out sophrosyne : “a beautiful harmonic and rightful ordering of all ingredients of psychic life, by strengthening will, reorganizing beliefs, or by eliciting new beliefs more noble than the old.”
- Aristotle: rheotic involves-
- emotional stimulation
- logic based argument
Describe Empirical/Naturalistic
- Value “sensory evidence”
- Hippocrates – “mental-illness” can be “cured” like all other ailments –> Mental illness not personal/spiritual deficit – should be “treated”
- Science should guide our practices - systematic
- Freud, Jung, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, etc.
What did Freud (1856-1939) call science?
- a “piece of science” and that it “ can adhere to the scientific world view”
Who used free associations, and what are they?
- Freud
- Whatever comes to mind, regardless of how trivial it appeared to the patient
What did Freud call the Cathartic Talking (free association) cure and in what year was is solidified as a therapeutic method?
- Psychoanalysis
- 1890’s
What did the psychoanalytic technique include?
- Close observation
- Interpretation
- Free association
- “Working through” A process of overcoming resistances to remembering and accepting what has been repressed.
In 1895 Freud went to Paris to study with who, and what did this physician induce?
- Went to study with Jean Martin Charcot
- He watched Charcot induce, and then cure, hysterical paralyses in patients through “hypnotic suggestion”
What happened when Freud came back to the States and tried to implement this technique himself?
- Some of his patients resisted even his attempts to hypnotize them.
Through this resistance of hypnosis, what did Freud discover?
- Realized that hysterical symptoms, such as nervous coughs or partial paralysis, disappeared through the patients’ recall of repressed memories and expressing them.
Who ACTUALLY coined the term “talking cure”
Bertha Pappenheim, 21
AKA Anna O
