PPT # 2 History of Psychotherapy Flashcards
What are the elements of counseling as mentioned by Frank & Frank (1993)?
- “Healing” Agent – (i.e. therapist)
- “Sufferer”: Individual, Couple, Family, Group, etc.
- Healing Relationship: Series of structured contacts
What is the most important aspect of the therapy process?
Relationship building!
What are the steps in the therapy process?
- Relationship building
- Assessment & diagnosis
- Planning
- Intervention
- Termination
- Follow-up
Describe relationship building.
This is where you get to know the client more
What tool do you use for Assessment and Diagnosis, What does it include?
- DSM-V or ICD diagnosis
During the assessment and diagnosis, what does the client and counselor work to develop an understanding of ?
- the problems or concerns the client wants to address;
- the ways in which the client’s cognitive and emotional attitudes, decision-making capabilities, and behaviors are contributing to the problems or concerns troubling the client;
- the changes that might be necessary to address the problems;
- what needs to happen for the desired change to take place.
In the therapy process, what does planning involve?
- Development of treatment plan
- Prioritize concerns
- Establish a mutually agreed-upon set of goals
What does intervention encompass in the therapeutic process?
- work to achieve the agreed upon goals
- Establish a number of specific, measurable objective
- Monitor and discuss the client’s progress
Within the treatment plan elements, what are the goals for therapy?
- What changes do you hope to see in the couple/family by the end of therapy?
- What will therapy target?
- Goal for Goals - Balance between Client-Focused and Therapist-Focused
Discuss Clients Goals vs Therapist Goals…
- Client Goals:
- Pro: Client-focused, connected to presenting problem
- Con: May not be feasible for therapy, may not connect to theories, may be focused on individual instead of system - Therapist Goals –
- Pro: Connected to theory and model, informed by literature
- Cons: may not represent client’s needs
What are the last steps in the therapy process?
Termination and Follow-up
What is included in the termination process?
- The therapist or the client initiate discussion of termination
- Termination begins before the final session
What should the therapist and client review during the termination process?
- the progress that has been made in achieving the goals they set for therapy
- the personal assets/growth the client has developed for dealing with future problems
- Plan for future issues
What are three historical traditions of counseling?
- Religiomagical
- Rhetorical
- Empirical/Naturalistic
Describe Religiomagical.
- Priests, Shamans, Religious healers
- Emphasized ritual, community connection, and introspection
- Connection: to each other, to ancestors, to spirits, etc.
- Value of culture and belief
Describe Rhetorical
- Greek “noble” rhetoric – aimed at persuading toward the “good”
- Plato “noble” rhetoric sought out sophrosyne : “a beautiful harmonic and rightful ordering of all ingredients of psychic life, by strengthening will, reorganizing beliefs, or by eliciting new beliefs more noble than the old.”
- Aristotle: rheotic involves-
- emotional stimulation
- logic based argument
Describe Empirical/Naturalistic
- Value “sensory evidence”
- Hippocrates – “mental-illness” can be “cured” like all other ailments –> Mental illness not personal/spiritual deficit – should be “treated”
- Science should guide our practices - systematic
- Freud, Jung, Pavlov, Skinner, Watson, etc.
What did Freud (1856-1939) call science?
- a “piece of science” and that it “ can adhere to the scientific world view”
Who used free associations, and what are they?
- Freud
- Whatever comes to mind, regardless of how trivial it appeared to the patient
What did Freud call the Cathartic Talking (free association) cure and in what year was is solidified as a therapeutic method?
- Psychoanalysis
- 1890’s
What did the psychoanalytic technique include?
- Close observation
- Interpretation
- Free association
- “Working through” A process of overcoming resistances to remembering and accepting what has been repressed.
In 1895 Freud went to Paris to study with who, and what did this physician induce?
- Went to study with Jean Martin Charcot
- He watched Charcot induce, and then cure, hysterical paralyses in patients through “hypnotic suggestion”
What happened when Freud came back to the States and tried to implement this technique himself?
- Some of his patients resisted even his attempts to hypnotize them.
Through this resistance of hypnosis, what did Freud discover?
- Realized that hysterical symptoms, such as nervous coughs or partial paralysis, disappeared through the patients’ recall of repressed memories and expressing them.
Who ACTUALLY coined the term “talking cure”
Bertha Pappenheim, 21
AKA Anna O
Why is Anna O.’s case so significant?
- She had hysteria
- “absence”: gap in her train of conscious thought. AKA dual consciousness
What is the aim of psychoanalytic treatment?
Bringing what has been repressed, unconscious, and forgotten to conscious recognition.
What did Carl Jung (1875-1961) write his dissertation on?
On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena
- AKA Psychological States
Who was the first to apply psychoanalysis to severe mental illness?
Carl Jung
How did Carl Jung define “complex” ?
- Included unconscious or repressed mental contents that supported both Freud’s theory of repression and Jung’s notion of partial personalities of the mind.
- “A collection of various ideas, held together by an emotional tone common to all”
Carl Jung developed a perspective that assumed what kind of orientation?
Cultural-historical and methodological orientation
This was a shift from Freud’s subjective and personal approach
Who developed Psychoanalysis?
Freud
Who developed Analytical Psychology?
Jung
How did Freud view dreams?
To be fulfillments of wishes
As a window into the unconscious
How did Jung view dreams?
Compensator, in that they functioned to maintain psychic equilibrium
Freud concentrated on the ___________ of the individual, and Jung focused on the __________ __________.
Unconscious
Collective Unconscious
What are Freud’s basic theoretical constructs regarding defense mechanisms?
- Reversal into its opposite
- Turning round
- Repression
- Sublimation
What did Freud call Primary Process Thinking?
Fantasy and daydreaming predominant in the unconscious mind.
Disregards logic and reality
What is the governing purpose of the unconscious?
Experience pleasure and avoid displeasure
“Pleasure Principle”
What structures are included in Freud’s model on the mind?
- id
- ego
- superego
What are Freud’s basic Theoretical constructs of the topographic model of the mind?
- Unconscious
- Preconscious
- Conscious
Describe the Unconscious.
- Id
- Highly volatile impulses that seek to discharge their energy –> to be conscious
- Mutually contradictory impulses coexist, without regard for reality, propriety, or reason.
Describe the Preconscious
- Like a screen between the unconscious and conscious mental activity
- Secondary process thinking: rational, logical, and takes reality into account.
- Accessible to the conscious mind.
Describe the Conscious.
- Receives information from internal and external events
- Ruled by secondary process thinking (rational, logical, and takes reality into account) –> REALITY PRINCIPLE
The reality principle with the conscious mind strives for what?
is useful and urges postponement of pleasure according to conditions imposed by the external world.
What does Jung say are components of the unconscious structure? (basic theoretical constructs)
Personal: superficial layer of the unconscious
Collective: inborn and has more or less the same qualities everywhere and in all individuals
What are Archetypes?
Based on an inherited predisposition to create significant myths out of ordinary everyday human experiences
What did Jung mean by, “Dreams are residues of archaic modes of functioning rooted in the collective past of humankind rather than the individual’s past” ?
A way to compensate for all that the conscious mind is not aware of.
What are Freud’s psychosexual stages of development?
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Genital
What are Freud’s Neurotic Character Types?
- Hysterical = somatic
- Obsessive-compulsive = rumination
- Narcissistic = self-absorbed
- Sadomasochistic = “it hurts..and I like it.”
Discuss the Oral Psychosexual Stages: Freud.
Ages: 0 - 1
Focus of Libido: Mouth, Tongue, Lips
Major Development: Weaning off the breast & feeding on formula
Adult fixation example: Smoking and overeating
Discuss the Anal Psychosexual Stages: Freud.
Ages: 1-3
Focus on Libido: Anus
Major Development: Toilet Training
Adult Fixation Example: Orderliness, messiness
Discuss the Phallic Psychosexual Stages: Freud.
Ages: 3 - 6
Focus on Libido: Genitals
Major Development: Resolving Oedipus/Electra Complex
Adult Fixation Example:Deviancy, Sexual, Dysfunction
Discuss the Latency Psychosexual Stages: Freud.
Ages: 6 - 12
Focus on Libido: None
Major Development: Developing Defense Mechanisms
Adult Fixation Example: None
Discuss the Genital Psychosexual Stages: Freud.
Ages: 12+
Focus on Libido: Genitals
Major Development: Reaching Full Sexual Maturity
Adult Fixation Example: If all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy.
How did Jung view personality development?
Personality is an achievement which gives the individual the greatest possible freedom for self-determination
What did Jung characterize as psychological types?
Extravert and Introvert
What did Jung say are the 4 rational psychological types?
- extraverted thinking,
- introverted thinking,
- extraverted feeling
- introverted feeling
What are the fundamental principles of Treatment?
- Free Association and Therapeutic Interpretations
- The Imagination and Therapeutic Enrichment of Symbols
According to Jung, what are the 4 irrational psychological types?
- extraverted sensing
- introverted sensing
- extraverted intuiting
- introverted intuiting
What are the fundamental principles of contemporary treatment?
- Dynamic: a point of view that regards psychic phenomena as the outcome of conflicts created by opposing mental forces
- Transcendent function: a correlation of conscious and unconscious data in order to arrive at therapeutic insight
- Analytic intuition: cultivated by falling into silence, rather than regularly interpreting what the patient says
- Reversible perspective: the therapist’s ability to regard what the patient talks about from two different perspectives, static and dynamic
- Synchronicity: seeing two seemingly unrelated events or things that happen at the same time as meaningfully connected
- Dreaming
the Jungian therapist can intuit a patient’s emotions in “dreaming” about the patient, both in a sleeping and a waking state
Are there more similarities with Jung & Freud regarding contemporary psychotherapy?
NO
More differences than similarities – even psychodynamic practice
What are the the criticisms of Freud/Jung and contemporary psychotherapy?
- Despite the “scientific” approach – very little evidence to support many claims –> I.e. all boys lust after their mother
- Misogynistic – Penis envy anyone…?
- Over emphasis on sex and aggression (dual-instinct theory)
- Mysticism and the Cult-of-Personality
- Absence of “relationship” –> Therapists should be a “blank screen”
- No limits to therapy –> Big commitment for both therapist and client.
