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anaphy lab > ppt 1 > Flashcards

ppt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

2 or more bones joint together

A

JOINTS

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2
Q

Found where fibrous connective tissue tightly binds the articulating bones

A

FIBROUS JOINTS

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3
Q

Connects each tooth to its socket in a jaw’s alveolar process

A

Gomphosis

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4
Q

joint between 2 flat bones Syndesmosis-bands of fibrous tissue bind bones

A

Suture

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5
Q

Piece of cartilage joins bones

A

CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage connects bones

A

Synchondrosis

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7
Q

fibrocartilage forms the joints

A

Symphysis

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8
Q

Freely movable joints, A flexible joint capsule composed of ligaments and other connective structures and lined with a lubricating synovial membrane Allows a wide range of movement

A

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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9
Q

Inner layer of the articular capsule composed of areolar (a type of loose connective) tissue and covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage. The cells secrete synovial fluid

A

SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE

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10
Q

A viscous fluid that fills the synovial cavity or joint cavity. It thins during joint activity and provides lubrication between cartilages. It also nourishes the cells of the cartilage and contains phagocytic cells (cleaners of cellular debris and microbes)

A

SYNOVIAL FLUID

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11
Q

A thickened area of the fibrous capsule

A

INTRINSIC (CAPSULAR LIGAMENTS)

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12
Q

Lie outside the articular capsule, example is the FIBULAR COLLATERAL LIGAMENT OF THE KNEE JOINT

A

EXTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS

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13
Q

Occur within the articular capsule but are excluded from the synovial joint cavity as they are covered by synovial membrane: examples are the CRUCIATE LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINT

A

INTRACAPSULAR LIGAMENTS

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14
Q

Fibrocartilage pads separating the articular surfaces of the articulating bone

A

ARTICULAR DISCS OR MENISCI

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15
Q

Surfaces slide past each other, between carpals and between tarsals. Side to side motion only, non-axial. Joints that joins clavicle to the scapula

A

Gliding joint

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16
Q

Two bones joined so that they can move in one plane only. Convex surface of one fits concave surface of other, motion in one plane-monoaxial Example: elbow

A

Hinge joint

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17
Q

An oval condyle fits into an oval fossa allowing movement in two planes. Example: Wrist joint

A

Ellipsoid joint

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18
Q

One bone pivots on the axis of another, allowing rotation. Between proximal ends of radius and ulna. Example: Axis/Atlas

A

Pivot joint

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19
Q

Two saddle shaped processes fit together Two saddle shaped processes fit together. Between carpal and metacarpal of thumb. Example: Carpometacarpal joints/ Joint of the thumb

A

Saddle joint

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20
Q

A ball shaped process fits into a rounded fossa allowing almost unrestricted movement. Example: Shoulder joints

A

Ball and socket joint

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21
Q

Between metacarpals and phalanges, oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. Side to side and back n forth motions. biaxial/ ex: radiocarpal (wrist joints)

A

CONDYLOID JOINT

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22
Q

Hip and shoulder allows for complete range of motion/ triaxial/head of femur

A

BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT

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23
Q

decreasing the angle of a joint

A

Flexion

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24
Q

increasing the angle of a joint

A

Extension

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25
Q

moving a joint beyond its normal range or beyond the anatomical position

A

Hyperextension

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26
Q

moving a part anteriorly, along a horizontal plane

A

Protraction

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27
Q

moving a part posteriorly, along a horizontal plane

A

Retraction

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28
Q

Opening the joint, joint angle is large

A

ELBOW EXTENSION

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29
Q

Closing the joint, joint angle is small

A

ELBOW FLEXION

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30
Q

Moving forwards and out

A

PROTRACTION

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31
Q

Moving backwards and in

A

RETRACTION

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32
Q

Moving an appendage’s distal end away from the midsagittal plane

A

ABDUCTION

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33
Q

Moving an appendage’s distal end towards the midsagittal plane

A

Adduction

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34
Q

Moving the foot from the anatomical position to a position in which the sole is facing the midsagittal plane

A

INVERSION

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35
Q

Moving the foot from the anatomical position to a position in which the sole faces
away from the midsagittal plane

A

EVERSION

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36
Q

Moving the distal end of an appendage in a circle, making a cone shaped sweep. Circular motion in which limb traces out the shape of a cone.

A

CIRCUMDUCTION

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37
Q

Moving a bone on its axis, as if on a pivot or an axle. Circular movement in which limb rotates on an axis.

A

ROTATION

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38
Q

Rotating the forearm from the anatomical position to reverse it

A

PRONATION

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39
Q

Rotating the forearm from the pronated position back to the anatomical position

A

SUPINATION

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40
Q

outer membrane of the long, cylindrical muscle fiber. It has a resting potential or electrical charge. This charge temporarily reverses during an action potential, or impulse, when the muscle fiber is stimulated

A

SARCOLEMMA

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41
Q

The calcium ions release from the SR diffuse through the sarcoplasm among parallel bundles of protein myofilaments. Each bundle is called a myofibril and is consist of an orderly arrangement of thin filaments and thick filaments.

A

THE SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBER

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42
Q

The myofilaments are arranged in a repeating pattern called

A

sarcomere

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43
Q

covered the entire organ with fibrous connective tissue that forms a sheath

A

Epimysium

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44
Q

inner fibrous sheath

A

Perimysium

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45
Q

The connective sheath around individual muscle fiber

A

Endomysium

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46
Q

Circular

A

Orbicularis

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47
Q

Flattened, platelike

A

Platy

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48
Q

Square

A

Quadratus

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49
Q

Diamond-shaped

A

Rhomboideus

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50
Q

Trapezoidal

A

Trapezius

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51
Q

Triangular

A

Triangularis

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52
Q

Short

A

Brevis

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53
Q

Long

A

Longus

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54
Q

Large

A

Magnus

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55
Q

Largest

A

Maximus

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56
Q

Moderately sized

A

Medius

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57
Q

Smallest

A

Minimus

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58
Q

Diagonal to the body’s midline

A

Oblique

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59
Q

Parallel to the midline

A

Rectus

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60
Q

Circling an opening

A

Sphincter

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61
Q

At a right angle to the midline

A

Transversus

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62
Q

Abducts a part

A

Abductor

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63
Q

Adducts a part

A

Adductor

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64
Q

Depresses a part

A

Depressor

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65
Q

Extends a part

A

Extensor

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66
Q

Flexes a part

A

Flexor

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67
Q

Elevates a part

A

Levator

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68
Q

Rotates a part

A

Rotator

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69
Q

Arm

A

Brachialis

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70
Q

Femur

A

Femoris

71
Q

Frontal (bone)

A

Frontalis

72
Q

Posterior of hip/thigh

A

Gluteus

73
Q

Eye

A

Oculi

74
Q

Radius

A

Radialis

75
Q

Ulna

A

Ulnaris

76
Q

a cell type that conducts impulses or action potential

A

Neuron

77
Q

having a single projection from the cell body

A

Unipolar

78
Q

having two projections from the cell body

A

Bipolar

79
Q
  • many projections
A

Multipolar

80
Q

support

A

Neuroglia

81
Q

Receive signals from other cells

A

Dendrites

82
Q

Organizes and keeps the cell functional

A

Cell body

83
Q

Protects the cell

A

Cell membrane

84
Q

Generates impulse in the neuron

A

Axon hillock

85
Q

Allow diffusion of ions

A

Node of Ranvier

86
Q

Controls the entire neuron

A

Nucleus

87
Q

Transfers signals to other cells and organs

A

Axon

88
Q

Increases the speed of the signal

A

Myelin sheath

89
Q

Forms junctions with other cells

A

Axon terminal

90
Q

Produces the myelin sheath

A

Schwann cell

91
Q

Cell body, enlarged area filled with cytoplasm and containing nucleus and organelles called Nissl bodies. It forms a cone shaped projection, or axon hillock, as it projects to become the axon

A

Soma

92
Q

Conducts action potential away from the cell body. It may be wrapped with series of neuroglial cells called
Schwann cells.

A

Axon

93
Q

Wrap around the axons of peripheral nerves like tape, each spiraling around to form a multilayered coating the inner layers filled with the fatty white substance myelin because they are found in series, they form a segmented sheath or myelin sheath

A

Schwann cells

94
Q

called a white fiber or myelinated fiber A group of white fibers together is called white matter.

A

axon

95
Q

gaps between the Schwann cells

A

Nodes of Ranvier

96
Q

are also associated with unmyelinated axons, which together with cell bodies and dendrites form gray matter.

A

Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes

97
Q

axon branches

A

Collateral axons

98
Q

branched extensions that are sensitive to stimuli from other cells

A

Dendrites

99
Q

Other neuron form an association or synapse at a bump on the dendrite called

A

gemmule

100
Q

Rapid, automatic response triggered by stimuli

A

Reflex

101
Q

Controlled in the spinal cord, function without input from the brain

A

Spinal Reflexes

102
Q

has 31 segments with 31 pairs of nerves

A

Spinal cord

103
Q

Adult length of spinal cord structure?

A

45 cm (18 inches)

104
Q

Spinal cord has _____ cervical

A

8

105
Q

Spinal cord has _____ thoracic

A

12

106
Q

Spinal cord has ___ lumbar

A

5

107
Q

Spinal cord has ___ sacral

A

5

108
Q

Spinal cord has __ coccygeal

A

1

109
Q

Cone shaped end of spinal cord at L1-L2

A

Conus medullaris

110
Q

(“terminal thread”) Strand of fibrous tissue from tip of conus medullaris to S2. It provides longitudinal support to spinal cord

A

Filum terminale

111
Q

Extended anterior and posterior roots of spinal spinal segments L2 to S5 and filum terminale. Name comes from resemblance to a horse’s tail

A

Cauda equina

112
Q

superficial; myelinated & unmyelinated axons

A

White matter

113
Q

Deep; forms an H, or butterfly shape. Mostly neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons.

A

Gray matter

114
Q

Contains cerebrospinal fluid

A

Central canal

115
Q

Shallow, longitudinal groove on posterior surface

A

Posterior median sulcus

116
Q

Deep groove on anterior surface

A

Anterior median fissure

117
Q

Axons of sensory and motor neurons

A

Spinal nerve

118
Q

Contains axons of motor neurons

A

Anterior root

119
Q

Contains axons of sensory neurons

A

Posterior root

120
Q

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons in posterior root

A

Posterior root ganglion (spinal ganglion)

121
Q

3 specialized membranes surrounding spinal cord and continuous with the cranial meninges. It provides physical stability shock absorption and carries blood supply

A

Spinal meninges

122
Q

SPINAL MENIGES:
it is the outermost layer, tough & fibrous. Dense collagen fibers oriented along the longitudinal axis of the spinal cord

A

Dura mater

123
Q

SPINAL MENIGES:
it is the middle layer includes arachnoid membrane- layer of simple squamous epithelium and subarachnoid space- between arachnoid membrane and pia mater

A

Arachnoid mater

124
Q

SPINAL MENINGES:
It is the innermost layer, meshwork of elastic and collagen fibers. Anchored to neural tissue

A

Pia mater

125
Q

Contains arachnoid trabeculae- collagen and elastic fibers; anchor arachnoid mater to pia mater and it contains cerebrospinal fluid- shock absorber; diffusion of gases, nutrients, etc. Blood vessels for spinal cord are located here.

A

Subarachnoid space

126
Q

Between dura mater and vertebrae. Areolar tisssue, blood vessels, and adipose tissue

A

Epidural space

127
Q

Withdraw sample of cerebrospinal fluid. Needle inserted inti subarachnoid space, lumbar region, below conus medullaris to avoid spinal cord

A

Lumbar puncture or spinal tap

128
Q

integrates sensory and motor functions and white matter carries information

A

Gray matter

129
Q

Somatic and visceral sensory nuclei

A

Posterior gray horn

130
Q

only in thoracic and lumbar segments: contains visceral motor nuclei

A

Lateral gray horn

131
Q

Somatic motor nuclei

A

Anterior gray horn

132
Q

Functional groups of neuron cell bodies in gray matter of spinal cord

A

Nuclei

133
Q

Receive and relay sensory information

A

Sensory nuclei

134
Q

Issue motor commands to effectors

A

Motor nuclei

135
Q

Contain axons that cross from side to side in spinal cord. Located posterior and anterior to the central canal: named by this position

A

Gray commissures

136
Q

Between posterior gray horns and posterior median sulcus

A

Posterior white column

137
Q

Between anterior and posterior columns

A

Lateral white column

138
Q

Between anterior gray horns

A

Anterior white column

139
Q

Interconnects anterior white columns: axons cross side to side

A

Anterior white commissure

140
Q

carry sensory information in posterior columns

A

Ascending tracts

141
Q

carry motor commands in anterior columns

A

Descending tracts

142
Q

Arteries/veins go through epineurium, branch in perineurium; capillaries enter endoneurium.

A

Blood supply

143
Q

muscles, joints, skin of back

A

Posterior ramus

144
Q

Largest portion of the brain 83% of brain mass. Responsible for complex aspects of consciousness such as memory, personality, and intellegence.

A

Cerebrum

145
Q

2-4 mm thick, billions of neurons, folds triple surface area -ridges(gyri) grooves (sulci)

A

Cerebrum: Cerebral cortex

146
Q

Little brain, second largest part of the brain 11% of brain mass. Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions , regulates balance and posture, may have a role in language processing and recognition

A

Cerebellum

147
Q

Partners with cerebellum and cerebrum to: coordinate motor functions, play a role in consciousness, control and integrate the autonomic nervous system, regulate eating and thirst, control body temp and circadian rhythm

A

Diencephalon

148
Q

Located between the diencephalon and spinal cord, composed of 3 parts
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

A

Brainstem

149
Q

Contains tracks for nerve impulses between motor areas of the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. Some of the other functions that relay through it includes reflexes for head, eyes and trunk response to visual stimuli eg ( startle reflex)

A

Midbrain

150
Q

Serves as bridge to connect areas of the brain to one another. it contains areas that relay signals for voluntary movements, equilibrium information from the inner ear, and areas that help control breathing

A

Pons

151
Q

Contains areas that control key vital body functions. the cardiovascular center, which regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of blood vessels. the respiratory center which adjust the basic rhythm of breathing. reflexes for swallowing, sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping, and coughing

A

Medulla oblongata

152
Q

Connective tissue/ cover and protect the brain and blood vessels, contain cerebrospinal fluid and create partitions in the skull

A

Meninges

153
Q

Associated with executive functions motor performance and production of language

A

Frontal Lobe

154
Q

Executive functions (eg personality & recognizing sequence)

A

Prefrontal Cortex

155
Q

Movement as well as the premotor and supplementary motor areas, which coordinate the planning and initiation of voluntary movement

A

Primary Motor Cortex

156
Q

Production of language, damage causes, a conditon in which the patient understands many written and spoken words, but has difficulty speaking them

A

Broca’s area

157
Q

Associated with integrating sensory information, contains the spatial orientation system and is involved in the comprehension of language

A

Parietal Lobe

158
Q

Concerns with processing of proprioceptive and tactile stimuli

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

159
Q

Controls aspects of spatial orientation and directing attention

A

Parietal Cortex

160
Q

Located partially in the parietal lobe. Involved in rercalling , recognizing and interpreting words and other sounds in the process of using language

A

Wernicke’s area

161
Q

Contains the primary visual cortex and the majority of the visual association area, involved in higher- order processing of visual information. Chiefly responsible for visual functions

A

Occipital Lobe

162
Q

Contains the primary auditory cortex and part of Wernicke’s area. Medial parts of this are involved in aspects of memory and learning

A

Temporal Lobe

163
Q

Relays smell

A

Olfactory

164
Q

Transmits visual information

A

Optic

165
Q

External muscles of the eye

A

Oculomotor

166
Q

Also supplies muscle of the eye

A

Trochlear

167
Q

Chewing and sensation in the face

A

Trigeminal

168
Q

Controls lateral eye movement

A

Abducent

169
Q

Muscles of facial expression, taste buds , sensation in fingers and toes, blinking

A

Facial

170
Q

Hearing and balance

A

Auditory

171
Q

Sensation, taste and swallowing

A

Glossopharyngeal

172
Q

Organs in chest and abdomen

A

Vagus

173
Q

Supplies two neck muscles, the sternomastoid and trapezius

A

Accesory

174
Q

Muscles of tongue and neck

A

Hypoglossal

anaphy lab (4 decks)

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