PPS Policy Statement Flashcards
Q: Is exclusive breastfeeding recommended during the first 6 months of life?
A: Yes, exclusive breastfeeding is ideal during the first 6 months of life. This practice is supported by extensive research demonstrating its benefits for infant health, including nutritional adequacy and immune support.
Q: Have global attempts to encourage, promote, and support breastfeeding been successful?
A: Global efforts, such as the WHO/UNICEF’s “Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative,” have been successfully implemented in 171 countries worldwide, showing good results in encouraging, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding.
Q: How has the Philippines supported global efforts to promote breastfeeding?
A: The Philippines has supported these efforts by passing Republic Act (RA) 7600, also known as “The Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992,” in Congress. This legislation promotes and supports breastfeeding in the country.
Q: What are the benefits of breastfeeding?
A: Breastfeeding offers numerous benefits, including boosting the infant’s host defense through bioactive components like lysozymes, immunoglobulins, hormones, growth factors, immune function modulators, anti-inflammatory and cellular components not found in infant formula. These components protect the infant from infections, aid in gastrointestinal function, reduce the prevalence and morbidity of respiratory illness and infections, and are associated with a reduction in upper respiratory symptoms among premature infants. Breastfeeding also protects against UTI, otitis media, bacteremia, bacterial meningitis, botulism, NEC, and lowers the risk of SIDS and IDDM. Furthermore, it affords psychological benefits, promotes maternal bonding, and improves long-term cognitive and motor abilities.
Q: What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother?
A: Breastfeeding benefits the mother by promoting better postpartum uterine involution, providing emotional satisfaction from maternal-infant bonding, reducing the risk of developing breast and endometrial cancers, enhancing postpartum weight loss, and resulting in lactational amenorrhea which can act as a form of contraception. Additionally, the risk of death from diarrhea may be significantly higher in bottle-fed infants compared to breastfed infants, which also suggests a lack of adequate stimulation and attention during bottle feeds.
Q: What are the contraindications to breastfeeding?
A: Absolute contraindications to breastfeeding include galactosemia in the infant and maternal use of illegal drugs, anti-neoplastic agents, and radiopharmaceuticals. Relative contraindications include an active TB infection, where breastfeeding is allowed after 2 weeks of observed treatment with anti-koch’s therapy, and maternal HIV infection, which is also considered a relative contraindication.
Q: Can HIV-positive mothers provide breast milk to their infants?
A: Yes, HIV-positive mothers may opt to give their infants expressed and heat-treated breastmilk. This approach is recommended when nutritionally adequate breast-milk substitutes are not safely prepared and fed, especially in environments where infectious diseases and malnutrition are prevalent causes of infant mortality.
Q: What does the policy statement developed by UNAIDS, WHO, and UNICEF say about breastfeeding and HIV?
A: The policy statement by UNAIDS, WHO, and UNICEF highlights that children born to women living with HIV are at less risk of illness and death if they are not breastfed, provided they have uninterrupted access to safely prepared and fed nutritionally adequate breast-milk substitutes. However, in environments where infectious diseases and malnutrition are significant causes of infant death, the use of artificial breast milk substitutes can substantially increase the risk of illness and death.
Q: What is the aim of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative launched by WHO/UNICEF?
A: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative, launched in 1992 by WHO/UNICEF, aims to promote and reiterate the importance of breastfeeding through a ten-step program. This program includes having a written breastfeeding policy, training healthcare staff in breastfeeding support, informing pregnant women about breastfeeding benefits, initiating breastfeeding within half an hour of birth, showing mothers how to breastfeed and maintain lactation, and ensuring that newborns receive no food or drink other than breast milk, unless medically indicated. Practice rooming-in- that is, allow mothers and infants to remain together 24 hours a day. Encourage breastfeeding on demand. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers to breastfeeding infants. Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from the hospital or clinic.
Q: Is exclusive breastfeeding recommended during the first 6 months of life?
A: Yes, exclusive breastfeeding is considered ideal during the first 6 months of life to support optimal infant health and development.
Q: Have global efforts to promote breastfeeding through initiatives like the WHO/UNICEF’s “Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative” been successful?
A: Yes, these efforts have seen good results in encouraging, promoting, and supporting breastfeeding across 171 countries worldwide.
Q: How has the Philippines participated in global efforts to encourage breastfeeding?
A: The Philippines has supported these efforts by enacting Republic Act (RA) 7600, known as “The Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992.”
Q: What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the infant?
A: Breastfeeding offers numerous benefits to the infant, including enhanced immune defense, protection from infections, and support for healthy development.
Q: What are the benefits of breastfeeding for the mother?
A: Benefits for the mother include improved postpartum recovery, emotional satisfaction from maternal-infant bonding, reduced risk of certain cancers, and aid in postpartum weight loss.
Q: What are the contraindications to breastfeeding?
A: Absolute contraindications include conditions like galactosemia in the infant and maternal use of illegal drugs or certain medications, while relative contraindications include maternal infections like active TB and HIV.
Q: Can HIV-positive mothers breastfeed their infants?
A: HIV-positive mothers may opt to give their infants expressed and heat-treated breastmilk under certain conditions to minimize transmission risks.
Q: What does a policy statement developed by UNAIDS, WHO, and UNICEF say about breastfeeding in the context of HIV?
A: The statement advises that when safe alternatives to breastfeeding are not available, and in environments where infectious diseases and malnutrition are rampant, breastfeeding may carry less risk compared to artificial substitutes.
Q: What is the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative?
A: Launched in 1992 by WHO/UNICEF, it’s a ten-step program designed to support and promote breastfeeding in healthcare settings.
Q: What legislation was approved to promote breastfeeding in workplaces in the Philippines?
A: House Bill No. 6661, known as the “Breastfeeding Promotion Act,” was approved to establish lactation stations in workplaces.
Q: When does the neural tube close in fetal development, and what implications does this have for preventing birth defects?
A: The neural tube closes within the first 21 to 28 days of life, highlighting the importance of maternal folic acid intake during early pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects.
Q: What are the recommendations for folic acid intake to prevent neural tube defects, and how has the Philippines supported these recommendations through legislation?
A: Recommendations include a daily intake of 0.4 mg of folic acid for women of childbearing age, supported in the Philippines by Republic Act 8976, or “The Philippine Food Fortification Act of 2000.”
Q: What does the Newborn Screening Act of 2004 entail, and why is newborn screening important?
A: This Act requires newborn screening for all babies born in the Philippines to detect and treat congenital metabolic disorders early, crucial for preventing disability or death.
Q: What are the incidence rates of bilateral hearing loss at birth, and what are the established risk indicators for hearing loss in neonates and infants?
A: The incidence rates range from 1 to 3 per 1000 in well-baby populations, with risk indicators including NICU admission, genetic syndromes, family history of hearing loss, and certain infections.
Q: Considering the prevalence of hearing impairment in the Philippines, what is the significance of early detection and intervention?
A: Early detection and intervention, ideally by 6 months of age, are critical for preventing or reducing the negative impacts of hearing impairment on a child’s development.
Q: What are the key elements of an effective universal newborn hearing screening program according to the AAP?
A: The program should include screening, tracking and follow-up, identification, intervention, and evaluation to effectively detect and manage newborn hearing loss.
Q: What are the risk indicators for hearing loss in neonates (birth through age 28 days) as identified by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing?
A: For neonates, the risk indicators include: 1) An illness or condition requiring admission to a neonatal ICU for 48 hours or more; 2) Stigmata or findings associated with syndromes that include sensorineural or conductive hearing loss; 3) Family history of permanent childhood sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL); 4) Ear and craniofacial abnormalities; 5) In utero infections like toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, or herpes.
Q: What are the risk indicators for progressive or late-onset hearing loss in neonates or infants (29 days through 2 years)?
A: For infants aged 29 days to 2 years, the risk indicators are: 1) Parental or caregiver concern regarding hearing, speech, language, and/or developmental delay; 2) Family history of permanent childhood hearing loss; 3) Stigmata or findings associated with syndromes that include sensorineural or conductive hearing loss or Eustachian tube dysfunction; 4) Postnatal infections associated with SNHL such as bacterial meningitis; 5) In utero infections such as herpes, rubella, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, and cytomegalovirus; 6) Neonatal indicators like hyperbilirubinemia requiring exchange transfusion, persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn associated with mechanical ventilation, and conditions requiring the use of ECMO; 7) Syndromes associated with progressive hearing loss such as osteopetrosis, neurofibromatosis, and Usher’s syndrome; 8) Neurodegenerative disorders like Hunter syndrome, or sensorimotor neuropathies such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome and Friedrich’s ataxia; 9) Head trauma; 10) Recurrence of persistent otitis media with effusion for at least 3 months.
Q: What are some of the leading causes of blindness among Filipinos?
A: Poor nutrition, measles, and premature birth are among the leading causes of blindness among Filipinos.
Q: How significant is Vitamin A deficiency in the context of childhood blindness?
A: Vitamin A deficiency is reported as a leading cause of childhood blindness, highlighting the importance of adequate Vitamin A intake during early childhood.
Q: Who should receive Vitamin A capsules according to health recommendations?
A: Vitamin A capsules should be given to infants aged 9-11 months, children aged 12-59 months, and sick and malnourished children to prevent Vitamin A deficiency and associated vision problems.
Q: What is the objective of the “Vision 2020: the Right to Sight” initiative launched by the WHO and its partners?
A: The objective of the “Vision 2020: the Right to Sight” initiative is to eliminate avoidable blindness by 2020 and, thereby, reduce the global burden of blindness.
Q: What does the AAP recommend regarding eye examinations for children?
A: The AAP advocates for an eye examination at birth and during well-child visits to ensure early detection and treatment of potential vision problems.
Q: At what age can visual acuity measurements first be reliably taken?
A: The earliest possible age for visual acuity measurements is at age 3, when children are typically able to participate in vision screening tests.
Q: How does the Seat Belts Use Act of 1999 define private motor vehicles?
A: The Seat Belts Use Act of 1999 defines private motor vehicles as those owned by individuals and juridical persons for private use, any motor vehicle owned by the national government or any of its agencies, and any diplomatic vehicle.
Q: In the 5-15 age group, where do traffic crashes rank in terms of causes of mortality?
A: In the 5-15 age group, traffic crashes are the 3rd leading overall cause of mortality.
Q: What is the benefit of anti-lock brakes compared to conventional braking systems?
A: Anti-lock brakes reduce the incidence of wheel locking and skidding, which are common in conventional braking systems, thereby enhancing vehicle control during emergency braking.
Q: What is the function of the crumple zone in a vehicle?
A: The crumple zone, located at the front of the car, is designed to absorb most of the impact energy in a collision, reducing the force transmitted to the occupants.
Q: How do airbags contribute to passenger safety during a crash?
A: Airbags are designed to inflate during a crash in order to cushion the passenger at impact, thereby reducing the risk of serious injuries.
Q: What role do side-impact beams play in vehicle safety?
A: Side-impact beams are engineered to cushion the blow of a side impact, enhancing the structural integrity of the vehicle’s side and helping to protect the occupants from injury.
Q: What is the purpose of head restraints in vehicles?
A: Head restraints are designed to prevent an individual’s head from snapping back in rear-end crashes, thereby reducing the risk of neck injuries.
Q: What does Republic Act (RA) 8750 mandate regarding seat belts?
A: Republic Act (RA) 8750 mandates the installation and use of adult seat belts in both front and rear seats of any private motor vehicle to enhance the safety of all occupants.
Q: Are children below six years of age allowed to occupy the front seat of moving motor vehicles?
A: Children below six years of age are prohibited from occupying the front seat of any moving motor vehicle, as part of safety regulations to protect young children.
Q: How effective are existing child seats according to the AAP?
A: According to the AAP, existing child seats provide effective restraint for young children riding in motor vehicles, minimizing the risk of death and injury during car crashes when used appropriately.
Q: What are the requirements for specialized child seats?
A: Specialized child seats are required for children weighing up to 60 lbs. (approximately 8 years old), ensuring that children within this weight range are adequately protected while traveling in motor vehicles.
Q: What are the regulations regarding the use of built-in car seat belts for children?
A: The proper use of built-in car seat belts is mandated for children older than 8 years, ensuring they are secured in vehicles using the standard seat belts once they outgrow specialized child seats.
Q: What characteristics of adolescents contribute to their increased risk for traffic injuries, according to the AAP?
A: The AAP lists several characteristics that contribute to the increased risk for traffic injuries among adolescents: 1) Lack of driving experience, 2) Risk-taking behavior influenced by emotions, peer group pressure, and other stresses, 3) Use of alcohol and other drugs, 4) Low rate of safety belt use (33%), and 5) Lack of experience in night-time driving. These factors combined significantly heighten adolescents’ vulnerability to traffic-related injuries.
Q: Why are motorcycles considered the most dangerous form of motorized transport?
A: Motorcycles are considered the most dangerous form of motorized transport because motorcyclists are 3 times more likely than passenger car occupants to be injured in a crash and sixteen times more likely to die, with head injuries accounting for the majority of these deaths.
Q: How significant are bicycle injuries in terms of road injury causes?
A: Hospital records indicate that bicycle injuries are the 5th leading cause of road injury, accounting for 3% of all road injuries, highlighting the importance of safety measures for cyclists.
Q: What role does wearing a helmet play in preventing bicycle-related head injuries?
A: Encouraging bicycle riders to wear helmets is key in preventing head injuries. A properly worn bicycle helmet can effectively reduce the occurrence of brain injury by 63-88%, offering significant protection against head trauma.
Q: How effective are helmets in providing protection from crashes for cyclists?
A: Helmets provide cyclists an equal level of protection from crashes involving motor vehicles (69%) and crashes from all other causes (68%), demonstrating their effectiveness in a wide range of accident scenarios.
Q: How do helmets work to prevent injuries during a crash?
A: Helmets work by dissipating the sharp energy of a blow over a larger surface area, thereby reducing the force of impact on the skull and brain, which significantly lowers the risk of serious head injuries.
Q: What is the impact of bicycle helmets on the risk of head injury and concussion in the 0-15 year old age group?
A: In the 0-15 year old age group, bicycle helmets decrease the risk of head injury by a factor of 0.4 and the risk of concussion by a factor of 0.6, illustrating their effectiveness in protecting young cyclists.
Q: How does the fit of a helmet affect its protective efficacy?
A: The fit of a helmet significantly affects its protective efficacy. Individuals with poorly fitting or improperly worn helmets have a 1.96-fold increased risk of head injury compared to those whose helmets fit well, underscoring the importance of proper helmet fit and wear.
Q: How is the risk of pediatric burn injury related to socioeconomic status?
A: The risk of pediatric burn injury is inversely proportional to socioeconomic status, meaning that lower socioeconomic status, characterized by factors such as absence of water supply, low salary, and crowding, increases the likelihood of burn injuries in children.
Q: What is the leading mechanism of burn injury in children, and what are other common causes?
A: SCALDING is the leading mechanism of burn injury in children, followed by exposure to a naked flame, electrical injuries, and chemical burns. Additionally, smoking and cigarettes are responsible for 10% of fire deaths worldwide.
Q: What is early childhood caries (ECC), and how prevalent is it among Filipino children?
A: Early childhood caries (ECC) is defined as the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a child 71 months of age or younger. It is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases, with Filipino children having the second highest caries prevalence in the Western Pacific Region.
Q: What is the recommended preventive measure against early childhood caries?
A: The society recommends the use of fluoride varnish as a preventive measure against early childhood caries. Fluoride varnish can help reduce the incidence of dental caries by strengthening tooth enamel and making teeth more resistant to decay.
Q: What ranks as the 4th leading cause of overall mortality in the 10-14 age group according to a DOH statistical entry, and what is the death rate?
A: In the 10-14 age group, “injuries undetermined whether accidental or purposeful inflicted” ranks as the 4th leading cause of overall mortality, with a death rate of 3.10 per 100,000 population.
Q: What percentage of young children and adolescents in the Philippines are overweight, and what is the significance of physical activity?
A: In the Philippines, 1% of young children (0-10 years) and 3% of adolescents (11-17 years) are overweight. Regular physical activity is emphasized as a key component to healthy living, providing many well-documented benefits to children, including the development of good exercise habits, particularly through school involvement.
Q: What is the leading cause of mortality among Filipino children, and what factors are closely associated with it?
A: Diarrhea is the 2nd leading cause of mortality among Filipino children. It is closely associated with poverty, lack of safe water supply, and poor hygiene practices.
Q: What has been the substantial source of municipal water in the Philippines, and what is the most effective means for its disinfection?
A: Groundwater has been a substantial source of municipal water in the Philippines, representing about 45.5% of the supply. Chlorination is highlighted as the most effective means for the disinfection of the public water supply.
Q: What major health problem is associated with the disposal of solid wastes in the country, and what are common areas of disposal?
A: The disposal of solid wastes is another major health problem in the Philippines, with common areas of disposal being open dumpsites. This presents significant environmental and health risks, including the potential for water contamination and the spread of disease.
Q: What is the average age of first coitus among Filipino adolescents for both genders?
A: The average age of first coitus among Filipino adolescents was 18 for males and 18.3 for females.
Q: What type of sexual education has been found to be more effective in helping adolescents make healthy decisions regarding sex?
A: Comprehensive sexuality education, rather than Abstinence-Only sexual education, is more effective in helping adolescents make informed and healthy decisions regarding sex.
Q: What percentage of youth had already experienced premarital sex according to the 2002 Young Adolescent Fertility and Sexuality Survey, and how many do not use any form of contraception?
A: According to the 2002 Young Adolescent Fertility and Sexuality Survey, 23% of youth had already experienced premarital sex, and 74% do not use any form of contraception.
Q: What proportion of overall fertility do adolescents contribute to?
A: Adolescents contribute to 30% of overall fertility.
Q: What are the 4 primary goals of a successful comprehensive sexuality education program?
A: The 4 primary goals of a successful comprehensive sexuality education program are to provide: 1. Information 2. Attitudes, values, and insights 3. Relationships and interpersonal skills 4. Responsibility
Q: When does retinal vascular development begin during gestation?
A: Retinal vascular development begins between 15 to 18 weeks of gestation, marked by the critical involvement of undifferentiated endothelial cells in the development of retinal vessels.
Q: How does exposure to stressors affect the development of retinal vessels?
A: Exposure to stressors can damage developing retinal vessels and temporarily arrest their development, leading to ischemia and an avascularized periphery. Retinal vessel development then typically resumes between 30 to 34 weeks of gestation.
Q: What are the signs of plus disease in the eye?
A: In plus disease, the eye may become inflamed and hazy, with exudates forming along the retinal vessels. This condition is also characterized by engorgement and tortuosity of the posterior pole vessels.
