PPR, Dermatophilosis, BSE, BT, Scrapie

Question 1

PPR primarily affects which of the following animal groups?

a) Cattle and buffalo
b) Pigs and horses
c) Goats and sheep
d) Humans

Answer 1

Goats and sheep

Question 2

Which animal species typically exhibits more severe clinical signs of PPR?

Answer 2

Goats

Question 3

The causative agent of PPR belongs to which viral genus?

Answer 3

Morbillivirus

Question 4

PPR virus preferentially replicates in?

Answer 4

Lymphoid and epithelial tissue of the GI and respiratory tracts

Question 5

What is the significance of the cross-protection between PPR virus and rinderpest virus?

Answer 5

eradication of rinderpest may have contributed to the spread of PPR

Question 6

How is PPR primarily transmitted?

Answer 6

By close contact with infected animals

Question 7

According to the textbook, is there a carrier state for PPR?

Answer 7

Generally accepted that there is no carrier state

Question 8

What is the typical incubation period for the acute form of PPR?

Answer 8

4-5 days

Question 9

In some outbreaks, morbidity and mortality rates for PPR can be as high as?

Answer 9

80%-100%

Question 10

An early clinical sign of acute PPR

Answer 10

Sudden rise in body temperature

Question 11

A characteristic odor associated with PPR infection

Answer 11

Putrid from the breath

Question 12

Necrotic stomatitis in PPR primarily affects?

Answer 12

The lower lip, gum, and gumline of incisor teeth

Question 13

A common finding in the large intestine of animals with PPR

Answer 13

Characteristic zebra-striped appearance of the mucosa

Question 14

A live, attenuated PPR vaccine can provide protection for how long?

Answer 14

More than 1 year

Question 15

Cattle infected with PPR virus are considered?

Answer 15

Sub-clinically infected (dead-end host)

Question 16

Morbidity and mortality rates in PPR are generally higher in?

Answer 16

Young animals

Question 17

True or False: Natural rinderpest infection in small ruminants may have offered some protection against PPR.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

True or False: A dull coat and dry muzzle are early clinical signs of PPR.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

True or False: Lesions in the rumen are a common finding in PPR.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

True or False: The abomasum in PPR often exhibits regularly outlined erosions.

Answer 20

true

Question 21

True or False: Peyer’s patches in the intestines are typically spared in PPR.

Answer 21

False

Question 22

True or False: The zebra-striped appearance is a characteristic lesion of PPR in the small intestine.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Dermatophilosis is caused by which bacterial species?

Answer 23

Dermatophilus congolensis

Question 24

Which animal species are most frequently affected by dermatophilosis?

Answer 24

Cattle, sheep, goats, and horses

Question 25

The characteristic morphologic forms of Dermatophilus congolensis are?

Answer 25

Filamentous hyphae and motile zoospores

Question 26

Dermatophilus congolensis is believed to be spread by?

Answer 26

Direct contact, contaminated environments, or biting insects

Question 27

The primary reservoir for Dermatophilus congolensis is considered to be?

Answer 27

Asymptomatic, chronically infected animals

Question 28

Which environmental factors are known to influence the development and transmission of dermatophilosis?

Answer 28

Prolonged wetting, high humidity, and high temperature

Question 29

In cattle and sheep, which ectoparasites are major predisposing factors for dermatophilosis?

Answer 29

Ticks and lice

Question 30

Moisture facilitates which stage of the Dermatophilus congolensis life cycle in spreading infection?

Answer 30

Release of zoospores and their penetration of the epidermis

Question 31

Clinical signs of dermatophilosis

Answer 31

Pain but typically not pruritus

Question 32

In sheep, "lumpy wool" is characterized by?

Answer 32

Crusts and wool matting with exudates

Question 33

"Strawberry foot rot" in sheep affects which area?

Answer 33

The skin between the carpi/tarsi and the coronary bands

Question 34

In goats and cattle, dermatophilosis is often referred to as?

Answer 34

Cutaneous streptothricosis

Question 35

Early lesions of dermatophilosis typically begin around which areas?

Answer 35

The muzzle and hooves and the dorsal midline

Question 36

Natural resistance to acute dermatophilosis infection is primarily due to

Answer 36

Phagocytosis of infective zoospores

Question 37

In chronic dermatophilosis infections, the affected hair follicles and scabs serve as sites for?

Answer 37

Intermittent invasions of noninfected hair follicles and epidermis

Question 38

What has been used as a wool dust in sheep to prevent dermatophilosis?

Answer 38

Potash alum and aluminum sulfate

Question 39

Treatment of dermatophilosis can include?

Answer 39

Povidone-iodine shampoos or chlorhexidine solutions

Question 40

Dermatophilus congolensis is susceptible to which class of antimicrobials? a) Quinolones b) Aminoglycosides c) Tetracyclines and penicillins d) Sulfonamides

Answer 40

c) Tetracyclines and penicillins

Question 41

True or False: Dermatophilosis is primarily a fungal infection of the skin.

Answer 41

False

Question 42

True or False: Dermatophilus congolensis is an anaerobic bacterium.

Answer 42

False

Question 43

True or False: Isolation of Dermatophilus congolensis from soil is common.

Answer 43

False

Question 44

True or False: Dry, sunny conditions typically exacerbate dermatophilosis outbreaks.

Answer 44

False

Question 45

True or False: Ticks are a major predisposing factor for dermatophilosis in sheep.

Answer 45

False.

Question 46

True or False: Zoospores of Dermatophilus congolensis are attracted to high oxygen concentrations on the skin.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

True or False: Lesions of dermatophilosis are always distributed uniformly over the animal's body.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) primarily affects which animal?

Answer 48

Cattle

Question 49

BSE is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins called?

Answer 49

Prions

Question 50

Classical BSE in cattle is believed to be caused by?

Answer 50

Oral exposure to prions in contaminated feed

Question 51

Atypical BSE is hypothesized to arise from?

Answer 51

Spontaneous prion protein misfolding in aged animals

Question 52

The primary route of transmission for classical BSE is?

Answer 52

Foodborne exposure to contaminated meat and bone meal

Question 53

BSE is NOT transmitted by: a) Ingestion of contaminated feed b) Intracerebral inoculation c) Horizontal contact or aerosols d) Vertical transmission (mother to offspring)

Answer 53

Vertical transmission (mother to offspring)

Question 54

Most cases of classical BSE are diagnosed in cattle of what age range?

Answer 54

3-6 years

Question 55

The BSE agent crosses the mucosal barrier of the gut through

Answer 55

Specialized macromolecule transporter M-cells

Question 56

After entering the digestive tract, the BSE agent initially accumulates and replicates in?

Answer 56

The gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT)

Question 57

The BSE agent travels to the brain via?

Answer 57

The enteric nervous system and efferent neuronal pathways

Question 58

Characteristic lesions in the brain and spinal cord of cattle with BSE

Answer 58

Neuronal vacuolation, degeneration, and astrocytic changes

Question 59

Initial clinical signs of BSE are often?

Answer 59

Subtle and behavioral

Question 60

Definitive diagnosis of BSE relies on detecting PrPSc in?

Answer 60

Brain samples

Question 61

The human disease associated with the BSE agent is a variant of?

Answer 61

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

Question 62

Humans are believed to have become infected with the vCJD-causing agent by?

Answer 62

Eating infected bovine tissues