FMD, HS, Anthrax Flashcards by Danica Polbos

What are the common clinical manifestations of anthrax in herbivores?

A. Chronic cough and weight loss
B. Sudden death, fever, swelling, and respiratory distress
C. Diarrhea and dehydration
D. Skin rashes and itching

B. Sudden death, fever, swelling, and respiratory distress

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Significance of “amplifier hosts” in the spread of FMD virus

Amplifier hosts are animals that can carry and spread the FMD virus without showing symptoms. Their significance includes:
1. Increasing virus load in the environment
2. Enhancing transmission to susceptible animals
3. Prolonging outbreaks
4. Complicating control measures

These factors make managing FMD more challenging

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OIE–listed animal disease and is considered the most economically important bacterial disease of water buffalo and cattle in tropical areas of Asia

Hemorrhagic septicemia

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Which P. multocida strain has been identified in most areas where the disease is endemic?

Serotype B:2

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What are some common stressors associated with outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia?

high temperature and humidity
concurrent infection
poor nutrition
work stress

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A herd of water buffalo in a tropical region experiences a sudden outbreak of high fever, respiratory distress, and edematous swelling in the throat region, followed by death within 24-48 hours. What is the most likely causative agent?

Pasteurella multocida

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A cattle rancher in a humid region reports multiple deaths in cattle. Necropsy reveals widespread hemorrhages, a swollen spleen, and dark, unclotted blood oozing from body orifices. What disease should be suspected?

Anthrax

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A veterinarian is called to a farm where cattle are exhibiting high fever, nasal discharge, severe respiratory distress, and frothy saliva. The farmer reports that these signs appeared suddenly after heavy rainfall. What disease should be suspected?

Hemorrhagic septicemia

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Among these anthrax, fmd, and hemorrhagic septicemia, which disease is most prevalent during the rainy season?

hemorrhagic septicemia

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Where does infection of hemorrhagic septicemia begins?

tonsil and adjacent nasopharyngeal tissues

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Clinical findings in peracute cases of HS.

death within 8-24 hrs
fever
hypersalivation
nasal discharge
labored respiration

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Clinical findings of acute hemorrhagic septicemia

fever of 104°–106°F (40°–41.1°C)
apathy and reluctance to move
hypersalivation
lacrimation
nasal discharge that begins as serous and progresses to mucopurulent
Subcutaneous edema
Progressive respiratory distress
terminal recumbency
abdominal pain + diarrhea

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A farmer in a flood-prone area reports sudden death in multiple buffaloes. Post-mortem examination is discouraged due to biosecurity risks. What is the most likely diagnosis?

A) Leptospirosis
B) Hemorrhagic Septicemia
C) Anthrax
D) Rift Valley Fever

C) Anthrax

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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in buffaloes?

A) Ulcerative lesions on the tongue and lips
B) Severe pulmonary congestion and frothy exudate in the trachea
C) Gas gangrene formation in muscles
D) Thickened and necrotic intestinal mucosa

Severe pulmonary congestion and frothy exudate in the trachea

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What is the recommended vaccination schedule for preventing Hemorrhagic Septicemia in cattle?

Annual vaccination before the monsoon season

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A cattle rancher observes submandibular swelling and bloody discharges from the nose of affected animals. What is the primary treatment protocol for suspected Hemorrhagic Septicemia?

Immediate antibiotic therapy with penicillin or tetracyclines

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A group of sheep in an endemic area suddenly develops high fever (41.5°C), followed by lethargy and respiratory distress. Some sheep collapse and die within hours, with no prior illness observed.

Which clinical sign is most characteristic of anthrax in ruminants?
A) Mucopurulent nasal discharge and coughing
B) Bloody discharges from natural body openings
C) Chronic weight loss with persistent diarrhea
D) Neurologic signs with ataxia and seizures

Bloody discharges from natural body openings

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A horse is found dead in a pasture with signs of rapid decomposition. Upon limited examination, an enlarged, dark red spleen and hemorrhages on the epicardium and endocardium are noted. The veterinarian might suspect?

Anthrax

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A farm located in a known anthrax-endemic region wants to prevent future outbreaks. The farmer asks the veterinarian for the best approach.

Which of the following is the most effective long-term prevention strategy for anthrax in grazing animals?
A) Monthly administration of antibiotics
B) Annual vaccination with the Sterne-strain vaccine
C) Immediate culling of all animals after an outbreak
D) Rotating pastures every 3 months

Annual vaccination with the Sterne-strain vaccine

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What is the most common lesion found in swine infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

Vesicles on the snout, feet, and mouth

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The “tiger-heart” lesion seen in young pigs infected with FMD is characterized by?

Diffuse necrosis of the myocardium with hemorrhages

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What secondary complications is most commonly associated with foot lesions in FMD-infected pigs?

Chronic lameness due to secondary bacterial infection

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In sheep and goats, the first clinical sign of Foot-and-Mouth Disease is often?

Lameness

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The most characteristic lesion of Hemorrhagic Septicemia in cattle and buffalo

Extensive swelling of the submandibular region, neck, and brisket due to edema

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In peracute cases of HS, death can occur within?

8-24 hours

Which of the following is a common microscopic lesion in Hemorrhagic Septicemia? A. Granulomatous inflammation of the lungs B. Necrotizing vasculitis with thrombosis C. Myocardial fibrosis D. Villous atrophy of the intestines

Necrotizing vasculitis with thrombosis

The presence of serous to serofibrinous fluid in the thorax, pericardium, and abdominal cavity in cattle and buffalo is indicative of?

Hemorrhagic Septicemia

The most characteristic gross lesion in animals affected by Anthrax is: A. Generalized congestion and hemorrhage with unclotted, dark blood B. Granulomatous nodules in the lungs C. Fibrinous pericarditis D. Severe mucosal ulceration of the intestines

Generalized congestion and hemorrhage with unclotted, dark blood

In ruminants that die from peracute Anthrax, the spleen is typically?

Markedly enlarged, soft, and dark (splenomegaly)

Which of the following statements about Anthrax lesions is true? A. Necrotic lesions in the lungs are the hallmark of Anthrax in all species B. Blood from Anthrax-infected animals fails to clot due to bacterial toxins C. Anthrax causes severe vesicular lesions in the oral cavity D. The liver is typically unaffected in cases of Anthrax

Blood from Anthrax-infected animals fails to clot due to bacterial toxins

In porcine, FMD is characterized by?

Vesicles on the feet, snout and in the mouth

Name the species resistant to FMD infection:

Horses

What age range is susceptible to FMD?

All age groups are susceptible

Name the genera of FMD virus belonging to Family Picornaviridae:

Aphthovirus

Which FMD serotypes were identified in the Philippines?

Serotype A, O, C

How many subtypes of FMD virus have been already identified?

Name 2 factors why it is impossible to prepare a single vaccine for FMD prevention.

1. antigenic variation of the virus 2. limited cross protection

Name at least 2 effective disinfectants of FMD virus.

1. Sodium hydroxide 2. Acetic acid

FMD virus transmission occurs through? (Name 3)

1. Respiratory aerosols 2. Direct contact with infected animals 3. Indirect contact with infected animals

How far can the FMD virus be aerosol transmitted?

30 miles

These species are exceptional disseminators of FMD virus.

Swine

Briefly explain the importance of amplifier hosts for FMD virus.

Amplifier hosts, like pigs in the case of FMD, produce much higher levels of the virus than other animals, making them super-spreaders. This leads to rapid outbreaks, increased transmission, and difficulties in controlling the disease. Essentially, they act as a major source of infection, fueling the spread of FMDV.

T/F. FMD virus persists for long periods of time in frozen meat products.

True.

T/F. Contaminated biologics, including vaccines, could be responsible for FMD outbreaks.

True.

Where does the foot and mouth disease virus typically adhere upon entry into a host?

Mucosa of the respiratory tract

These cells transport FMD virus to secondary sites.

Macrophage

Can the FMD virus infect the mammary gland epithelium, and if so, is it shed in milk for an extended period?

Yes, the FMD virus can infect the mammary gland epithelium, and it is shed in milk for a prolonged period.

What is the possible effect of FMD virus to neonatal and young pigs?

severe myocardial necrosis

This lesion is sometimes referred to as "tiger-heart" and useful in diagnosis of FMD virus infection.

Mottled myocardial lesions

How many days after vesicle formation do ruptured oral vesicles in FMD typically heal?

11 days

Enumerate the clinical signs of FMD virus in Cattle:

1. Fever of ~40°C 2. Vesicular lesion development 3. Drooling of saliva 4. Lameness and reluctance to move

What is the first clinical sign of FMD in small ruminants?

Lameness

The tissue of choice for sampling of FMD virus infection:

Vesicular epithelium or fluid

How can oropharyngeal fluid be collected for FMD virus isolation or RT-PCR assay when vesicles are absent?

Through probang cup or pharyngeal swabbing.

What is the recommended procedure for preserving an epithelium sample for testing, including the minimum amount of tissue and the appropriate transport medium and pH?

At least 1 g of epithelium should be placed in a transport medium of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or equal parts glycerol and phosphate buffer with pH 7.2–7.6.

This is the most prevalent form of FMD that have not been provided consistent protection by vaccines.

Type O

This control practice is considered to be less costly than living with FMD:

Eradication

This condition is an acute, highly fatal form of pasteurellosis that affects mainly water buffalo, cattle, and bison.

Hemorrhagic septicemia

How many percent of healthy water buffalo and cattle are colonized by small numbers of P. multocida serotype B:2 or E:2?

Enumerate 4 common stressors associated with outbreaks of hemorrhagic septicemia:

1. high temperature and humidity 2. concurrent infection 3. poor nutrition 4. work stress.

This disease is most prevalent during the rainy season.

Hemorrhagic septicemia

Where does P. multocida infection begins?

Tonsil and adjacent nasopharyngeal tissues

Release of this component of gram negative bacteria results to endotoxemia:

Lipopolysaccharides

In cases of Hemorrhagic septicemia, how long does it typically take for clinical signs to manifest after infection?

1-3 days

In cases of Hemorrhagic septicemia, what is the range of time between the first signs and potential death?

Death can occur within 8–24 hours after the first clinical signs develop.

What is the typical morbidity and mortality rate of Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) during an epizootic in a non-endemic area?

100% morbidity and mortality

What are the clinical manifestations of peracute cases of hemorrhagic septicemia that result in death within 8–24 hours?

1. fever 2. hypersalivation 3. nasal discharge 4. labored respiration

What are the clinical signs that characterize acute hemorrhagic septicemia, which can last 3-5 days?

1. Fever of 104°–106°F (40°–41.1°C) 2. apathy 3. hypersalivation 4. lacrimation 5. nasal discharge

What is the characteristic lesion observed in hemorrhagic septicemia?

Swelling of the subcutis and muscle of the submandibular region, neck, and brisket by clear to blood-tinged edema fluid

Where are hemorrhages often most prominent in cases of hemorrhagic septicemia?

pharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes

Other conditions confused with sporadic cases of hemorrhagic septicemia:

blackleg, lightning strike, or snakebite

What is the primary treatment and prevention of hemorrhagic septicemia?

1. Antimicrobials administered early in the disease 2. Vaccination

Has multidrug resistance in P. multocida increased, and what specific resistances have been reported for serotype B:2?

Tetracyclines and penicillin has been reported for serotype B:2

How long does the oil-adjuvant vaccine for hemorrhagic septicemia provide protection, and how often is it administered?

9–12 months; administered annually

When is the most effective time to administer oil-adjuvant vaccine for hemorrhagic septicemia?

1 month before the monsoon or rainy season

Commonly used vaccine for prevention of hemorrhagic septicemia:

Alum-precipitated and aluminum hydroxide gel vaccines

What are the typical clinical signs of anthrax in herbivores, particularly regarding the nature of the disease and its effect on lymph nodes?

Acute septicemia with a high fatality rate, often accompanied by hemorrhagic lymphadenitis

Give at least 4 species in which anthrax is usually less acute but still potentially fatal.

dogs, humans, horses, and pigs

Where does proliferation of Bacillus anthracis typically occur in cutaneous and gastrointestinal anthrax infections?

Site of infection and in the lymph nodes draining the site of infection

Products of B. anthracis that cause local necrosis and extensive edema.

Lethal toxin and edema toxin

What soil conditions are associated with anthrax occurrence?

neutral or alkaline, calcareous soils

What is the primary form of anthrax observed in humans in cases of natural transmission?

cutaneous anthrax

What is the form of anthrax observed among human populations after consumption of contaminated raw or undercooked meat?

Gastrointestinal anthrax (including pharyngeal anthrax)

This is the highly fatal form of anthrax humans develop under certain artificial conditions such as animal hair processing facilities.

Inhalational anthrax or wool sorter’s disease

What are the characteristic manifestations of inhalational anthrax in humans?

1. Acute hemorrhagic lymphadenitis 2. Hemorrhagic pleural effusions 3. Severe septicemia 4. Meningitis

What is the uncommon fourth form of anthrax?

injection anthrax

Peracute anthrax is common in which animals?

cattle and sheep

In anthrax infected animals, staggering, dyspnea, trembling, collapse, a few convulsive movements, and death after only a brief period of illness may occur.

Peracute form

In anthrax case, there is an abrupt onset of fever and a period of excitement followed by lethargy, stupor, respiratory or cardiac distress, staggering, seizures, and death.

acute anthrax

What are the areas that frequently have swelling, subcutaneous edema in anthrax infected animals?

Ventral aspect of the neck, thorax, and shoulders.

A common postmortem finding in anthrax cases is the absence or incompleteness of what normal postmortem process?

rigor mortis

What type of lesions become evident if an anthrax carcass is inadvertently opened, indicative of systemic infection?

Septicemic lesions

Describe the appearance of the blood in an anthrax case, particularly its color and clotting ability.

Dark and thickened blood that fails to clot readily

Where are hemorrhages of various sizes commonly observed on serosal surfaces in an anthrax postmortem examination?

Serosal surfaces of the abdomen and thorax, epicardium, and endocardium

What type of effusions are typically found under the serosa of organs, between muscles, and in the subcutis of an animal that died from anthrax?

Edematous, red-tinged effusions

What gastrointestinal tract finding is common in anthrax, particularly along the mucosa and over Peyer's patches?

Hemorrhages and ulcers

Describe the characteristic appearance of the spleen in an animal that has died from anthrax.

Enlarged, dark red or black, soft, semifluid spleen

What is the typical condition of the liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes in an anthrax postmortem examination?

Congested and enlarged liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes

If the skull is opened during a postmortem examination for suspected anthrax, what finding might be indicative of neurological involvement?

Meningitis

Ideal vaccine used almost universally for production animal vaccination of anthrax

non-encapsulated Sterne-strain vaccine

When should anthrax vaccination be administered in relation to the expected outbreak season?

2–4 weeks before the season when outbreaks may be expected

An animal presents with fever, respiratory distress, and lameness. Which two diseases share these symptoms, and what lesion differentiates them during necropsy? a) FMD and Anthrax; vesicular lesions. b) HS and Anthrax; enlarged, dark red spleen. c) FMD and HS; widespread petechiae. d) HS and FMD; submandibular edema.

HS and FMD; submandibular edema.

An animal shows vesicular lesions on the feet and mouth, but necropsy reveals no significant internal hemorrhages. Which disease is MOST likely, and what differentiates it from Anthrax and HS? a) HS; the location of the edema. b) FMD; the presence of vesicular lesions. c) Anthrax; the absence of rapid decomposition. d) FMD; the presence of "tiger-heart" lesions.

FMD; the presence of vesicular lesions

An animal presents with fever, hypersalivation, and subcutaneous edema in the cervical region, progressing to respiratory distress. Which disease is MOST likely?

Hemorrhagic septicemia

Which disease often results in sudden death due to myocardial failure in young animals? a) Anthrax b) Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) c) Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) d) None of the above

Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)

What is a common post-mortem finding in animals that died from Anthrax? a) Clear to blood-tinged edema fluid in the subcutis b) Enlarged, dark red or black, soft, semifluid spleen c) Vesicles on the coronary band d) Congested lung and pericardial effusion

Enlarged, dark red or black, soft, semifluid spleen