PPR Flashcards
Cognitive
The process of thought
Social
Interaction with other individuals and society at large
Physical
relating to the body
Stages of Development
Cognitive, social, physical
students in this developmental stage tend to be egocentric, thinking that the world revolves around them; need to see how things work, have a hard time empathizing and slow social learners; need hands on activities
Preoperational (Ages 2-7)
Preoperational Pedagogy
need hands on activities (cannot conceptualize processes or events); direct instruction or lecturing should always be paired with experiments and activities to reinforce instruction
Students in this developmental stage begin to think abstractly. They can start to picture how things work mentally and do not always need to see or physically manipulate objects to understand them.
Concrete Operations (first grade - adolescence)
Concrete Operations Pedagogy
Do not need as many hands on activities and experiments and hands on activities to understand material. Lecturing should be reinforces with experiments and hands on activities but much less that in preoperational students ; cooperative learning is important at this stage
Students can use inductive and deductive logic, think abstractly, and empathize with others.
Formal Operations (Ages 12 and Up)
Formal Operations Pedagogy
Instruction does not need to be reinforced with hands-on activities; students are able to understand processes through abstract thinking which is the maturation of cognitive development
Progression from one stage to the next is not _____ but rather ____
instantaneous ; slow
Stages of Play
- Solitary Play
- Spectator Play
- Parallel Play
- Associate Play
- Cooperative Play
Solitary Play
First Stage of Play: indicative of a child playing alone with limited interaction among other children. Lasts from birth -2 years
Spectator Play
2nd Stage of Play: characterized by a child observing other children playing, but not playing with them. usually lasts until child is 2 and a half
Parallel Play
3rd stage of play: demonstrated when a child plays alongside other children, but does not play in cooperation with them. Usually occurs around 2-3 years old.
Associate Play
4th stage of play: evidenced when a child plays in co-operation with other children in a loosely organized manner; preference for playing with certain children. ages 3-4
Cooperative play
Final (5th) stage of play: representative of children co-operating in a play activity where they share ideas about the activity and play becomes more organized. reached by age 4
least restrictive environment
students with disabilities should be treated with the fewest accommodations needed to ensure success and be included in classroom activities as much as possible
3 key ways that students learn:
auditory, visual, kinesthetic (tactile)
discourse style used in US to develop ideas tends to be
direct and linear
Learning Theory
explains how people learn and how they incorporate experiences into expanding their own knowledge
B.F. SKinner’s - behaviorism (learning theory)
- Learning is made by a change in behavior
- Environment shapes behavior
- The time between the events and the likelihood of these events happening again are central to the learning process
Behaviorists believe that people learn through …
Conditioning: either reinforcing behavior with a reward or a punishment or association with two stimuli
Cognitivism
promotes looking into patterns to explain learning; how past experiences shape learning
Cognitive constructivists
heavily supports interdisciplinary study as the best means to promote academic learning; students receive
social constructivist
view learning as a process where the student builds upon the prior information learned
Three theories of child management behavior
non-interventionist, interventionist and interactionalist
non-interventionist (theory of child management behavior)
thinks that people are naturally striving to be good and want to improve, thus the teacher does not need to intervene regarding behavior issues because the child is trying to improve ; believe adults need to allow children as much room as needed so they can grow and improve naturally on their own
interventionist (theory of child management behavior)
opposite of noninterventionists, they think by providing external stimulation, they can alter behavior and therefore control the individual’s actions
Instructionalists (theory of child management behavior)
believe that action can be explained by analyzing the factors around the child ; growth occurs during the interaction between the child and society and by studying all the factors it is possible to understand and conceivably alter behaviors by altering factors
Two types of assessments
Quantitative and Qualitative
Quantitative
assessments that objectively measure a specific performance; good for objective measures of capabilities or knowledge of certain material ; most common assessments
ex: teacher created tests, standardized tests, rubrics
Qualitative
assessments that describe a person, object, or activity; good for obtaining student feedback and assessing student's attitudes in the class ex: interviews, self-reflective surveys, and observational response questions
positive reinforcement
presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of that behavior
Negative reinforcement
removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to increase the likelihood of a behavior
positive punishment
presenting a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
negative punishment
removing a stimulus in reaction to a behavior to decrease likelihood of the behavior
Hardware
a computer and the associated physical equipment directly involved in the performance of data processing or communication functions
Software
the programs, routines, and symbolic languages that control the functioning of the hardware and direct it operation
Input/Output devices
devices that send information to and receive information from computers
Networks
a system of computers that share information
File
a collection of data
Memory
the storage of information in the computer
Virus
foreign computer program that runs against the owner’s desire and typically runs one or multiple programs
Elkind’s Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism
adolescence go through a period of self absorption that leads to only being able to see the world through one’s own perspective; tendency to argue with parents
Seriation
places objects in chronological order or series
Global developmental delay
several developmental disabilities
