ESL Supplemental Flashcards
Phoneme
The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish one word from another
ex: bad and bat
Digraphs
Phonemes that are made up of more than one letter:
sh, ch, th, ng, ph
Although there are two letters, there is one sounds
Consonant blends
groups of two or three consonants in a word that create a distinct sound:
bl, cl, wr, tr, sm
Minimal pair
pair of words that differ only by one phoneme (rat/bat, lose/loose). Used for ELLs or any emerging reader learning phonemic awareness
Place of articulation
place where air is constricted to create sound
alveolar ridge
(part of your mouth that gets burned when eating pizza) place of articulation for: d, t, s, z, n
bilabial
sounds are produced between the lips: b, p, m
Manner of articulation
helps explain why different sounds can have the same place of articulation
plosive
manner of articulation: stopping and releasing airstream t
nasal
manner of articulation: flowing airstream through nose n
fricative
manner of articulation: blocking airstream with a narrow opening d, z, s
cognate
words in different languages that look or sound similar and have a similar meaning
semantic drift
describes the evolution of word’s usage again within on language
Syntax
merely the study of the rules for the construction of sentences in a natural language
language interference
ways to express affect by adding in a syllable from the L1
morphology
patterns of word formation
language register
demonstrating awareness by adapting speech depending on social situation
required for a student to become a proficient English speller
- know that certain letters are silent under specific circumstances
- know that written vowels have many sounds
- possess strong memorization skills
focusing on conventions
is counterproductive for ELLs because the learners’ efforts need to be on communication not the form of language used
Reading in English
helps model proper sentence structure and vocabulary that can carry over to improve writing
past tense marker in English is -ed. changing verbs to past tense is an example of:
English grammar and morphology
Latins languages have an easier time learning English than Germanic because
their lexical items are similar
Discourse
refers specifically to the communication of thoughts in speech or writing, not vocabulary
Semantics
the study of word or symbol meaning; important because one word or sentence might have multiple meanings or figurative rather than literal
skills are
integrated
language acquisition theory
children are born with a language acquisition device that helps their language development. children unconsciously learn normal social interaction without the need of structured vocab teaching or grammatical structures
Content-based ESL instruction
teaching a new language while simultaneously teaching a new content, using the two concepts to complement learning
communicative competence requires
comfort in using English in all situations
comprehensive instructional activity
combines multiple learning activities
high-frequency words
based on its frequency in written material, not spoken language
phonogram
written character that represents a specific speech or combination of phonemes
Dolch liist
basic sight words in english should know by grade 2
ELPS
english language proficiency skills
LAT
Linguistic accommodations tst
Assimilation
the process whereby a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of prevailing culture
Enculturation
the process by which an individual learns the traditional content of a culture and assimilates its practices and values
Deculturalization
the removing or abondoning of one;s own culture in replacement of another
Krashen’s theories
Natural Order Hypothesis Acquisition/earning Hypothesis Monitor Hypothesis Input Hypothesis Affective Filter Hypothesis
Natural Order Hypothesis
(Krasen’s theory) we acquire the rules of language on a predictable order
Acquisition Learning Hypothesis
adults have two distinctive ways of developing competences in second languages.. using language for real communication
Monitor Hypothesis
conscious learning, can only be used as a Monitor or an editor
Input Hypothesis
how the learner acquires a second language - how second language acquisition takes place
Affective Filter
variables play a facilitative, but non-casual role in second language acquisition - motivation, self-confidence and anxiety
Diagnosis
process of determining or analyzing a students’ performance level or level of language proficiency
Language Register
level of formality with which you speak
content based instruction
refers to a variety of instructional models in which academic subject matter is taught in a second or foreign language
Cognitive Approach
distinction between meaningful learning (relatable to concepts that are already established in learners cognitive structure) and rote learning (relatively isolated concepts that are learned verbatim and not integrated
Total Physical Response
based on premise that human beings are biologically programmed to learn languages and this programming works the same for adults
Natural Approach
based on the use of language in communicative situations usually without recourse to the native language
communicative language approach
language is a toll for communication and students learn language by using it to communicate
lexile approach
teaching focses on collocations or the way words combine in predictable ways
Lau v. Nichols
1974
San Fran
parents of Asian students brought suit since there was no ESL programs
-courts decided civil rights were violated and court madated schools take effective measures for ESL students
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896
separate but equal is constitutional
brown v. board
1954 overturned plessy v ferguson and said segregation is unequal
Lau Remedies
1975
- madated bilingual edu
- identify and evaluate home language
- appropriate instruction determined
- decides when LEP ready for mainstream class
- determine professional standards teacher must see
Plyer v. Doe
1982
undocumented immigrants must be given same education
No Child Left Behind
2001
language instruction for LEP students will be funded under title III
Meyers v. Nebraska
1923
made clear that 14th amendment provides protection for language minorities
said state can legilate language used in schools for instruction but must allow languge classes outside of school
Castaneda v. Pickard
1978
mandates programs for language minority students must be
- based on sound edu theory
- implemented effectively with sufficient resources and personnel
- evaluated to determine effectiveness.
Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson and Johnson v. San Francisco Unified School District
Chinese Americans fought a desegregation order that would force students out of biligual education programs - courts ruled against
Farrington v. Tokushige
court offered further protections of after-school community language programs after attempts by education authorities to put restrictions on Japanese and Chinese heritage language programs
Serna v prtales
white majority school in new mexico that failed to meet unique needs of spanish surnamed students
