PPL Flashcards
1
Q
Night
A
Time between end of evening civil twilight and beginning of morning civil twilight as published in the air almanac
2
Q
indicated airspeed (IAS)
A
-Measured speed of the plane as it moves through the air
-what it says on the airspeed indicator
3
Q
Ground speed (GS)
A
- speed at which the plane is actually moving over the ground
- true airspeed adjusted for wind
4
Q
True airspeed (TAS)
A
-CAS corrected for altitude and nonstandard temperature
5
Q
Calibrated airspeed (CAS)
A
-takes IAS and then corrects for known instrumentation or position errors
6
Q
Class A
A
-Instrument rating
-IFR flight plan and clearance
7
Q
Class B
A
-3SM
-clear of clouds
- PPL, student pilot logbook endorsement
-ATC clearance
-mode c transponder/ADS-B
8
Q
Class C
A
-3SM
-500 below, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal
-student pilot
-establish radio comm, mode c/ADS-B
-inner circle radius 5nm, outer circle 10nm
9
Q
Class D
A
-3SM
-500 below, 1000 above, 2000 horizontal
-student pilot
-establish radio comms
10
Q
Hypoxia
A
Tissues in the body do not receive enough oxygen
Symptoms:
Headache, decreased reaction time, impaired judgement, euphoria, visual impairment, drowsiness, light headed, dizziness, numbness, tingling fingers/toes
-hypoxic, hypemic, stagnant, histotoxic
11
Q
Hypoxic hypoxia
A
Not enough oxygen available for the body as a whole
Ex: high altitude
12
Q
Hypemic hypoxia
A
Your blood is not able to carry sufficient amount of oxygen to you cells.
-is a result of a deficiency in the blood, anemia
-common form is carbon monoxide poisoning
-loss of blood from blood donation
13
Q
Stagnant hypoxia
A
-oxygen deficiency due to poor circulation of the blood
-shock, heart failing to pump effectively, constricted artery from pulling Gs, cold temps
14
Q
Histotoxic hypoxia
A
Inability of the cells to effectively use oxygen
-cell is unable to use the oxygen
-caused by alcohol and drugs
15
Q
Induced drag
A
By product of lift
16
Q
Parasite drag
A
-form(profile)
-skin friction
-interference
17
Q
Steady green on ground
A
Cleared for takeoff
18
Q
Steady green in flight
A
Cleared to land
19
Q
Flashing green on ground
A
Cleared to taxi
20
Q
Flashing green in flight
A
Return for landing
21
Q
Steady red on ground
A
Stop
22
Q
Steady red in flight
A
Give way to other aircraft and continue circling
23
Q
Flashing red on ground
A
Taxi clear of landing area (runway) in use
24
Q
Flashing red in flight
A
Airport unsafe. Do not land
25
Flashing white on ground
Return to starting point on airport
26
Alternating green and red on ground and in flight
Exercise extreme caution
27
VFR transponder code
1200
28
Hijacking transponder code
7500
29
Communication failure transponder code
7600
30
Emergency transponder code
7700
31
Vx
Best angle of climb speed
Greatest altitude gain in the shortest distance
Use this to clear obstacles
32
Vy
Best rate of climb speed
Most gain in altitude in the least amount of time
Use during normal take off
33
Special Use Airspace
Alert area
Military use airspace
Warning area
Restricted
Prohibited
Controlled firing
National security areas
34
Stages of Thunderstorm
Developing
Mature
Dissipating
35
Types of Fogs
Radiation
Advection
Upslope
Precipitation
Steam
Ice
36
Clear Ice
Large water drops hit the surface and freezes as a solid sheet.
37
Rime ice
Smaller drops that freezes quickly before spreading over the surface. It traps air which gives white appearance
-irregular shape disrupts airflow, reduces lift, increase drag
38
Forward CG
-More stable bc CG is further from the center of pressure
-Less fuel efficient (more drag and greater AOA requires to maintain level)
-Higher stall speed due to increased wing loading
-Good stall recovery
39
Aft CG
-Less stable because CG is closer to center of pressure, bad stall recovery
-More fuel efficient, higher cruise speed (less drag)
-Lower stall speed because less wing loading
40
blocked pitot tube, unblocked drain hole
Airspeed Indicator would read 0
41
Blocked pitot, blocked drain hole
-ASI will show no change
-if static is unblocked then ASI will behave like altimeter, climb-increase airspeed, descend-decrease airspeed
42
Blocked static port, unblocked pitot tube
-ASI will work but not accurately
-climb, decrease in atmos press, decrease airspeed
43
Static port is blocked, what does VSI show?
VSI shows 0, no changes to static air
44
METAR updated when?
Updated every hour
45
How often are TAFs issued?
Issued every 6 hours, 4 daily
46
What is TSRA on TAF?
Thunderstorm with rain
47
What is VCSH on TAF?
Showers in the vicinity
48
What is TRSA?
Terminal radar service areas. Provide radar and traffic services
49
What does the star mean on airport info?
Hollow star means there is a rotating beacon
The other star next to the C means it's part time
50
What does C and CT mean on airport info?
C means CTAF
CT is control tower
51
What does L and *L mean on airport info?
L-Lighting in operation from sunset to sunrise
*L- Lighting limitations exist
52
What is MEF?
Maximum elevation figure
53
Clouds on METAR and TAF AGL or MSL?
AGL
54
What do the tick marks mean around airport symbol?
Fuel is available
55
What is a NDB?
-Non directional radar beacon is a type of navaid
-good reception greater distances and low altitude
56
What is circle with R symbol on sectional?
Private airports
-cant land unless it's an emergency
57
Blue lines on sectional?
Black line perpendicular to blue lines?
-Streams of water
-black lines are dams
58
Small black square on sectional?
-substation, fort, cemetery
59
Small black dot with number on sectional?
Elevation points
60
What are HS on airport diagram?
Hot spots
-locations with high potential risk of collisions
61
What is EMAS on airport diagram?
Engineered materials arresting system
-helps stop aircraft that overruns the runway
62
Can you land on displaced threshold?
-No, you can only take off. Not land.
-black lines ovals on AFD
63
What is PCN on airport diagram?
Pavement classification number
64
Vno
Maximum structural cruising speed
65
How many gallons at the bottom of the fuel indicator tab?
17 gallons
66
When should the electric fuel pump be used?
-takeoffs and landings
-when switching fuel tanks
-engine fuel pump fails
67
What do the annunciator lights indicate?
-problems with the vacuum, oil pressure, alternator
68
What is UA and UUA PIREP?
UA is routine
UUA is urgent
69
AIRMET, SIGMET, Convective SIGMET
AIRMET is for VFR pilots of light aircraft to alert them of hazardous conditions
SIGMET is for all aircraft types to alert
Convective SIGMET relates to thunderstorms
70
How often are G-AIRMETs updated?
Every 3 hours
71
What info are on AIRMETs?
-IFR conditions
-Widespread mountain obscuration
-moderate icing
-Freezing lvls
-Turbulence
-low level wind shear
72
What is on a SIGMETs?
-severe turbulence
-severe icing
-widespread dust/sandstorms
-volcanic ash
73
When are SIGMETs scheduled and valid for how long?
Issued when there is severe weather and valid for 4 hours
74
What is magenta airport symbol with U inside?
Unverified
75
What are the 4 left turning tendencies?
-torque
-p factor
-spiraling slipstream
-gyroscopic precession
76
What precautions do you need to take if you go scuba diving?
-wait 12 hrs if non controlled ascent was not required
-24 hours or more if a controlled ascent was required
*24 hours after any scuba diving
77
When does Class E start?
1200 AGL
78
Shaded Magenta on sectional is what?
Class E starts at 700 AGL
79
What is dashed magenta lines on sectional chart?
Class E starts at the surface
80
What do the four digits indicate on MTR?
The route is below 1500 AGL
81
What do the three numbers indicate on MTR?
One or more segment is above 1,500 AGL
82
What are the stages of spin?
Incipient, fully developed, recovery
83
What can you expect if you use the alternate static port?
The readings will be higher because air pressure inside is lower than outside due to Venturi effect
84
When do you have to notify the NTSB?
830.5 Immediate Notification
Whenever there is an accident or:
-flight control system malfunction
-inability of flight crew member to perform their duties
-failure structural components of a turbine engine
-inflight fire
-aircraft collision in flight
-damage to property estimated to exceed $25,000
85
What is pilotage?
Navigation by reference to landmarks or checkpoints.
86
What is NTSB?
National transportation safety board
Investigate accidents and issue safety recommendations
87
What are isobars?
Lines that connect areas of equal pressure on a prognostic chart
88
What is dewpoint?
Temperature at which air can hold no more water
89
What is a front?
A front is the boundary between two different air masses
90
Characteristics of cold front
Cold, dense stable air replaces warm, lighter unstable air. As cold front approaches it forces the warmer air up
- after cold front passes, cooler temp, good visibility, rising pressure
91
Electrical fire, what do you do?
Turn MASTER off, cabin vents open, Land
92
Engine fire, what do you do?
Fuel selector off, close throttle, mixture idle cut off, electric fuel pump off, master off if radio not required
93
Engine fire before start?
Mixture idle cut off, open throttle, crank the engine
94
What is RCO on sectional?
Remote communication outlet
95
How does the trim wheel move the elevator trim?
If move the wheel forward/nose down, the elevator trim will move up
If move the trim wheel back/nose up, the elevator trim will move down
96
How does airplane roll?
The ailerons control roll about the longitudinal axis.
The wing with ailerons up, decrease lift, increase drag
97
How does elevator work?
Moving elevator up increases downward force on the tail/ pitches the nose up
98
What is the traffic pattern height?
1,000 ft above field elevation
99
What does the B stand for on chart supplement?
It has a rotating beacon.
100
What is MIRL on chart supplement?
Medium intensity runway lights
101
What does OV mean on PIREP?
Location in relation to VOR
102
What is TM on PIREP?
Time in UTC
103
What is TP on PIREP?
Aircraft type
104
What is SK on PIREP?
Sky cover, cloud height and coverage
105
What is TA on PIREP?
Temperature in Celsius
106
What is TB on PIREP?
Turbulence
107
What are rods and cones?
They are photoreceptors in your eyes.
Rods help you see at night
Cones help you see color
108
Downsloping runway illusion?
Creates illusion that the aircraft is closer to the ground
109
Upsloping runway illusion?
Creates illusion that the aircraft is higher
110
What preflight action/information should the pilot do/know?
NOTAMs
Weather
Known ATC delays
Runway lengths
Alternate airports
Fuel
Takeoff and landing distances
111
Temp during cold front?
Warm, suddenly cooler, continued cooler
112
Precipitation during cold front?
Showers, heavy showers, slowly decreasing showers
113
Visibility during cold front?
Fair in haze, poor, good
114
Pressure during cold front?
Falling, bottoms out then rises rapidly, rising
115
Lines that connect points of equal magnetic variation on sectional?
Isogonic lines
116
What will happen when you land on grass?
Longer landing roll out because you want to put less pressure on the nose wheel
117
What is a side slip?
A crosswind landing technique used to get the longitudinal axis of the plane lined up with runway
118
What is the purpose of a displaced threshold?
To keep you above an obstacle on final
119
When is parasitic and induced drag the same?
Best glide speed
120
What is TPA on chart supplement?
Traffic pattern altitude
121
What is an accident?
An occurrence in which any person on board suffers death or serious injury or in which the aircraft receives substantial damage.
122
What is an incident?
An occurrence other than an accident which effects the safety of operations
123
When do you have to file a report to NTSB?
Within 10 days after an accident.
A report on an incident shall be filed only as requested.
124
How many satellites must be in view to determine a three dimensional fix (longitude, latitude and altitude)?
Four satellites
125
Two concepts that apply to gyroscopes?
Rigidity in space- spinning gyroscope stays in place as the plane moves around it
Precession-tilting or turning of a gyro in response to pressure
126
How are the gyroscopic instruments powered?
Turn indicator electronically
Attitude and heading vacuum powered
127
What is the turn index on the turn coordinator?
3 degrees per second standard rate turn. 2 minutes to complete 360
128
What is a slip and skid?
Slip- ball and wing in same direction
Skid- ball and wing opposite direction
Rate of turn and angle of bank not coordinated
129
What does the attitude indicator tell you?
Angle of bank and pitch/attitude info
130
How do you calculate pressure altitude?
[ (29.92-current altimeter) x 1000 ] + Field Elevation
131
What is pressure altitude?
Altitude above standard datum plane (29.92 inches of mg).
132
What are the steps in the decision making process?
Detect change has occurred
Estimate the need to react to change
Choose desirable outcome
Identify actions
Do the necessary actions
Evaluate the effect of the action
133
VFR weather minimums for Class E
Less than 10kMSL - 3SM, BCC
At or above 10kMSL - 5SM, 1,1,1SM horizontal
134
Class G 1,200ft or less above the surface
Day - 1SM, CC
Night - 3SM, BCC
135
Class G more than 1,200ft above surface but less than 10,000 MSL
Day - 1SM, BCC
Night -3SM, BCC
136
Class G more than 1200ft above surface and at or above 10,000 ft MSL
5SM, 1,1,1SM horizontal
137
Is class E controlled or uncontrolled airspace?
Class E is controlled
Class G is uncontrolled
138
What does shaded blue mean on sectional?
Class E starts at 14,500
139
What is density altitude?
Pressure altitude adjusted for nonstandard temp.
It is a theoretical value used to determine airplane performance
140
What happens to the altimeter if you fly from high to low pressure?
High to low, look out below.
Your true altitude will be lower than indicated.
141
Which instrument gives you immediate and direct indication of the planes pitch and bank attitude?
Attitude indicator
142
What is REIL on chart supplement?
Runway end identifier lights
143
What is GA 3.0?
Glide angle 3.0 degrees
144
What is PAPI?
Precision approach path indicator
145
What is Vso
Stall speed in landing configuration
146
What is Vs1?
Stall speed in regular configuration
147
What is airmet T, S, Z?
T- turbulence
S- IFR, mountain obscurations
Z- icing conditions
148
Where can you find Airworthiness Directives?
FAA Dynamic Regulatory System
149
Narrow runway illusion
Makes you feel higher than you actually are leading to a lower approach
150
When does registration expire?
Every 7 years
151
8 types of spatial disorientation
ICEFLAGS
Inversion
Coriolis
Elevator
False Horizon
Leans
Autokinesis
Graveyard spiral
Somatogravic
152
Three main layers of atmosphere
Troposphere
Tropopause
Stratosphere
153
VFR cruising altitude
91.159
3,000 AGL- 18,000MSL
0-179 odd+500
180-359 even+500
154
What is useful load?
Weight of crew, cargo, passengers, baggage, and usable fuel
155
What is payload
Weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage
156
What is true altitude?
Altitude above sea level
157
What is absolute altitude
Altitude above the terrain
158
How to calculate density altitude?
=Pressure altitude + (120(OAT-15C))
159
What color are taxi way lights
Blue
160
What color are airport beacons?
White and green - civilian
White and yellow - water airport
White yellow green - heliport
White white green - military
161
Magnetic compass errors
UNOS turning
ANDS dips
162
What happens when you put altimeter setting higher?
Altitude will go up
163
What is CIG on METAR?
Cloud ceiling
164
Are winds magnetic or true?
ATIS magnetic
METAR, TAF true north
165
What two factors affect stall speed?
Weight and CG
