PPH extras

Question 1

What was the 1st dark age?

Answer 1

Early cultures, religions practiced cleanliness and personal hygiene. Dirty water.

Question 2

What was the 1st golden age?

Answer 2

Ancient Greece: Hippocrates ‘air, water and places’

Question 3

What was the 2nd golden age?

Answer 3

Ancient Rome: Aqueducts, sewers, public baths

Question 4

What was the 2nd dark age?

Answer 4

Plaque and pestilence

Question 5

What was the 3rd dark age?

Answer 5

Industrial revolution in early 19th century

Question 6

What was the 3rd golden age?

Answer 6

Social reformers:

• Charles Thackrah
• Edwin Chadwick: Disease = poverty

Public Health acts. 1848= Central Board of Health

Question 7

What was the 4th golden age?

Answer 7

WWI and WWII. 1948=NHS

Question 8

What did Semmelweis do?

Answer 8

Showed importance of hand washing in mid 19th century

Question 9

What did Koch do?

Answer 9

Koch’s postulates 1884

Question 10

Equation for birth rate?

Equation for fertility rate?

Answer 10

Birth rate: Total number of babies born/ men and women of all ages
Fertility rate: Total number of babies born/ women of reproductive age (15-44yo)

Question 11

Is period or cohort life expectancy better to use?

Answer 11

Cohort as it follows the ages through time. E.g. 65yo in 2002, 66yo in 2003, 67yo in 3004. Period life expectancy uses 65yo in 2002, and 66yo in 2002 and 67yo in 2002.]

Cohort allows for known or projected changes in mortality in later years and so are regarded are better to predict how long a person of a certain age will live

Question 12

Populations are…(3 points)

Answer 12

Dynamic, diverse and heterogeneous

Question 13

Is smoking and deprivation linked?

Is alcohol and deprivation linked?

Answer 13

Smoking and deprivation linked- more smoking in more deprived populations

Alcohol intake is the same through all classes

Question 14

Bradshaw taxonomy: What are the four needs?

Answer 14

Normative need: identified according to a norm set by experts

Comparative need: problems which emerge by comparison with others who are not in need

Felt need- the need which people feel; the need from perspective of the people who have it

Expressed need: The need which people say they have. People can feel need which they do not express. They can express needs they do not feel- demand.

Question 15

What is the difference between need, supply and demand?

Answer 15

Need depends on the underlying incidents and prevalence within a population.

Supply is where they will get it- private sector historical etc.

Demand can increase for many reasons e.g. perception and knowledge of disease and consequences

Question 16

Need but no demand or supply examples

Answer 16

Family planning and contraceptive services and needed in many low and middle income areas. They are however frequently neither demanded or supplied.

Question 17

Demand but not need or supply examples

Answer 17

Patients may demand expectorants for coughs and colds. Cough mixtures and ineffective and should be rarely prescribed- no need or supply.

Question 18

Supply but no need or demand examples

Answer 18

Routine health checks for over 75yo are not usually requested, but are supplied by GPs. Research suggests that the benefits of such checks do not outweigh the costs

Question 19

Demand AND supply, but no need examples

Answer 19

People may demand and be prescribed (supplied) long acting benzodiazepines for insomnia. In the long term this is not effective- no need

Question 20

Need AND supply but no demand

Answer 20

Even when offered, not all healthcare staff take up Hep B immunisation (supply but no demand). They are at risk of Hep B infection and immunisation is effective at preventing it (need)

Question 21

Need, demand and supply

Answer 21

People with insulin dependant diabetes demand insulin, it is effective at maintaining their health (need) and the NHS can afford to provide it (supply)

Question 22

What is a health needs assessment?

Answer 22

Systematic method with agreed priorities. Will improved and reduce inequalities

Question 23

What are Stevens and Rafferty’s types of health needs assessments?

Answer 23

• Epidemiological: Time, place, person
• Comparative
• Corporate

Question 24

What is lay healthcare?

Answer 24

Self treating- e.g. taking paracetamol for headache

Question 25

What is incidence and prevalence?

Answer 25

Incidence is rate of new cases of the disease/time

Prevalence is actual numbers of cases alive either over a period of time or at that particular point in time

Question 26

What are the counterfactual?

Answer 26

Those not exposed