PPE 11 Flashcards
HYDROCARBONS
also known as alkanes, are saturated compounds that have the general
formula CnH2n+2
, where n is the number of carbon atoms.
Paraffins,
HYDROCARBONS
are branched-type hydrocarbons that exhibit structural
isomerization.
Isoparaffins
HYDROCARBONS
also known as alkenes, are unsaturated hydrocarbons containing
carbon–carbon double bonds.
Olefins,
HYDROCARBONS
unsaturated cyclic compounds composed of one or more benzene
rings.
Aromatics
HYDROCARBONS
also known as cycloalkanes, are saturated hydrocarbons that have at
least one ring of carbon atoms.
Naphthenes,
OTHER COMPOUNDS
content of crude oil is usually less than 2 wt%.
oxygen
OTHER COMPOUNDS
content of crude oils varies from less than 0.05 to more than 10 wt% but
generally falls in the range 1–4 wt%.
sulfur
OTHER COMPOUNDS
Crude oils contain very __________compounds.
low amounts of nitrogen
OTHER COMPOUNDS
exist in all crude oil types in very small amounts.Metallic compounds exist
Metallic compounds exist
nickel
vanadium
comes from different parts of the world and has different physical and
chemical characteristics.
Crude oil
products
gasoline
diesel& kerosene
jet fuel
lube oil
asphalt
petroleum coke
HOW DESALTER UNIT WORKS?
Water is mixed with the incoming crude oil through a mixing
valve. The water dissolves salt crystals and the mixing distributes the salts into
the water, uniformly producing very tiny droplets.
Water washing:
When the crude oil enters the unit, it carries with it some brine in the form of very
fine water droplets emulsified in the crude oil.
DESALTING
To extract more distillates from the atmospheric residue, the bottom from the
atmospheric CDU is sent to the
vacuum distillation unit.
HOW DESALTER UNIT WORKS?
The crude oil temperature should be in the range of 48.9–54.4 ̊C since
the water–oil separation is affected by the viscosity and density of the oil.
Heating:
is at the front-end of the refinery, also known as
Crude distillation unit (CDU)
HOW DESALTER UNIT WORKS?
The water droplets are so fine in diameter in the range of 1–10
mm that they do not settle by gravity. ______ produces larger drops that
can be settled by gravity.
Coalescence:
DISTILLATION
gases gasoline
kerosene
light gas oil
heavy gas oil
atmospheric residue
The salts carried with the products act as _______ in catalytic cracking
units.
catalyst poisoning
The vacuum unit
distillates are classified
light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) and heavy vacuum gas oil
This is the only physical process where carbon is rejected from heavy petroleum
fraction such as vacuum residue.
SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
has low sulfur and metal contents since these are removed
with asphaltene.______and is used as feedstock for
lube oil plant.
deasphalted oil , bright stock
SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
in liquid form (at moderate pressure) is
usually used to dissolve the whole oil, leaving asphaltene to precipitate.
Propane
SOLVENT DEASPHALTING
A well-known solvent deasphalting process is the _____ process, an energy
efficient and cost-effective solvent deasphalting technology.
ROSE
