PPD Flashcards
What is the most secure type of lockset and why?
Mortise Locks
because the mechanism is concealed within the leaf of the door
Means of egress consists of what 3 things?
exit, exit access, and exit discharge
Important considerations when designing a fire rated ceiling
hold down clips & composition of the floor/ceiling assembly
3 methods of sawing a log
plain sawing, quarter sawing, and rift sawing
Sawing method that makes the most efficient use of the log and is the least expensive
plain sawing
Sawing method that results in a grain pattern that is uniformly vertical
quarter sawing
Sawing method with the most consistent vertical grain
rift sawing
Method for controlling moisture under hydrostatic pressure
water proofing
Method for controlling moisture that is not under hydrostatic pressure
dampproofing
Water force exerted on structures
hydrostatic pressure
3 positions waterproofing can be placed
- positive side - most common; placed on the side of the element exposed to water (i.e. exterior of foundation wall) after the element is in place
- negative side - applied after element is in place to the side of the element that is not exposed to water (i.e. interior of foundation wall)
- blind side - applied before element is in place (i.e. shored excavation against which a concrete foundation wall will be poured)
4 basic types of waterproofing materials
sheet membranes
fluid applied systems
cementitious systems
bentonite systems
damp proofing coatings are always applied on the ____ side of the element
positive side (or wet side)
5 methods of dampproofing
admixtures bituminous coatings cementitious coatings membranes plastics
The most critical strategy to employ for the acoustics of an office space with a surrounding corridor
extend partitions from deck to deck and provide acoustical seals at the top and bottom of the walls
Materials that are made from plants that can be grown and harvested relatively quickly, generally within 10 years
rapidly renewable building materials
i.e. wheat board cabinetry, linoleum, bamboo paneling
Benefits of using laminated glass
acoustical control
decorative purposes
safety
security
Factors to be considered when selecting the type of glass to be used
amount of light to be transmitted the degree of transparency strength and security sound isolation insulation qualities cost availability
Types of glass
Float Glass (Annealed Glass)
Heat Strengthened Glass
Tempered Glass
Laminated Glass
Most common type of glass in the US
Float Glass/Annelaed Glass
Glass type that has twice the strength of annealed glass but is the same thickness; used where the surface is subject to solar-induced thermal stresses and cyclic wind-loading
Heat strengthened glass
Produced by subjecting annealed glass to a special heat treatment and then cooled; Four times stronger than annealed glass. Can be used in hazardous locations
Tempered Glass
Consists of two or more pieces of glass bonded together by an interlayer of resin. When broken the resin layer holds the pieces together; Used where very strong glazing is needed; Also used where sound control is desired
Laminated Glass
What type of elevator should be specified for a 40 story office building
Gearless traction
Two different types of electric elevators
gearless traction & geared traction
Elevator type only used in low rise buildings generally less than 6 stories
hydraulic
3 common types of membrane roofing
- built-up bituminous roofing
- single-ply roofing
- elastic liquid roofing
Roofing membrane type that consists of several overlapping layers of bituminous-saturated roofing felts cemented together
built-up bituminous roofing
Best single-ply roofing system type for a climate with hot summers and cold winters with extreme temperature fluctuations
loos-laid EPDM
Most common process used to disinfect water to make it potable
chlorination
Sprinkler system that admits water to the sprinkler pipes after the system detects a fire
preaction system
A photoelectric detector will warn of a fire when the fire reaches the ____ stage
smoldering stage
2 primary types of water supply systems
upfeed and downfeed
Upfeed water supply systems will work in building up to ___ ft tall
40-60 ft
Amount of pressure required to lift water through a piping system in a building
static head
equation for determining water pressure at each floor of a building
pressure at the building main - (static head x building height)
typical voltage for residential
120/240 voltage, single phase power
typical voltage for small commercial buildings
120/208 voltage, three phase power
Minimum desirable width of an elevator lobby
10 feet
HVAC system that allows for individual control of temperature, quiet operation, and minimal maintenance
variable air volume
Reflection of sound along a curved surface
creep
Rules for placing conduit and other pipes in concrete slabs
- Should always be placed in the part of the slab that is in tension
- Cover the conduit with at least 3/4” of concrete
- Outside of the diameter of the conduit should be no greater than 1/3 of the slab thickness
- Allow adequate amount of space between parallel runs of conduit (3 times the outside diameter of the largest tube)
- Pipes carrying fluids and gasses must be pressure tested prior to the placement of the concrete
Spaces intended to highlight spoken-word presentations should be ___ spaces
dead
-have short reverberation times
Musical presentations should be in ___ spaces
live
-have long reverberation times
In case of a fire, which fire protection building items can be activated by building occupants
fire extinguishers
wet standpipes
two-way communications devices
Large pipe running vertically through a building and connected to at least one hose on each floor that can be accessed by building occupants
wet standpipe
A sensor in a sprinkler head that is activated by a rise in ambient temperature indicating the presence of fire
fusible link
The most effective sound attenuation site planting strategy
plant a combination of deciduous and evergreen trees
To minimize glare, the brightness ratio between a task and its adjacent surroundings should be limited to approximately
1 : 1/3
Relationship between the illumination levels of the surfaces within a person’s field of vision
brightness ratio
Two types of glare
Direct and reflected
glare when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the visual task
direct glare
glare when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye
reflected glare
Which type of HVAC system occupies the most space within a building
forced air
Technology that uses a carbon dioxide sensor to increase or decrease ventilation of a space according to occupancy
demand controlled ventilation
-best used for spaces where the occupancy of the space can vary greatly at different times during the day or week and where there is not a high concentration air contaminants that need to be exhausted through a continuously operating HVAC system (i.e. bowling alley)
security that secures building entry points such as doors and windows
perimeter security
Elevator operating system that collects calls and answers the up calls on the up trip, travels to the floor level with the highest call, then collects and answers the down calls on the return trip to the floor level with the lowest call.
Selective collective operation
-works best with more than one car because cars can be making separate trips and answering calls simultaneously
Elevator operating system that is programmed based on data about building traffic patterns and analysis of the most important calls
computerized controls
Elevator operating system that answers one call at a time, delivers that passenger, and then responds to the next call
single automatic control
Elevator operating system that answers all calls without differentiating between ups and down calls
collective control
Good guideline for the initial layout of ceiling diffusers in a room is …
space them approximately the same distance apart as the room is height; Diffusers at the edge of the space should be placed about half that distance from the perimeter walls
An assembly suspended from the ceiling to prohibit movement of smoke and flame
curtain board (draft curtain)
3 types of photovoltaic cells
- crystalline
- polycrystalline
- amorphous (thin film cells)
Which type of PV cell produces the most power
crystalline
Criteria to keep in mind when planning for the location and design of mechanical rooms
- each mechanical room should have at least one exterior wall
- the boiler room should be adjacent to the chilled water plant
- ceilings in both rooms should be at least 12 feet high
How much clear space should be allowed within a plumbing wall for wall mounted toilets on each side
24 inches
How much clear space should be allowed within a plumbing wall for wall mounted toilets on one side
12 inches
How much clear space should be allowed within a plumbing wall for floor mounted toilets on each side
16 inches
____ generally demands half of the total energy consumed by an office building
Electric lighting
____ generally demands 30? of the total energy demand of an office building
Heating and cooling systems
What building type has the highest percentage of total construction cost allocated for HVAC
full service, sit down restaurant
Sound intensity levels decrease ___ dB for every doubling of distance
6 dB
Which type of glass is most appropriate for a location in the northeastern United States
low-e
because it has a low U-value, which means that it can minimize heat loss while still allowing some solar heat gain
What is the best passive cooling strategy during the summer in a hot-humid climate
orient the building to catch summer breezes
Means of egress requirements determined by occupant load
- how many exits
- how large the exits must be
- where the exits must be located
An area where people who are unable to use stairways can remain temporarily to await instructions or assistance during emergency evacuations
area of refuge
That portion of a means of egress system that is separated from other interior spaces of a building or structure by fire-resistance-rated construction and opening protectives as required to provide a protected path of egress travel between the exit access and the exit discharge
exit
That portion of a means of egress system that leads from any occupied portion of a building or structure to an exit
exit access
That portion of a means of egress system between the termination of an exit and a public way
exit discharge
A court or yard that provides access to a public way for one or more exits
egress court
A street, alley, or other parcel of land open to the outside air leading to a street that has been dedicated for public use and has a clear width and height of not less than 10 feet
public way
Where does a common path of egress travel end
at the point where an individual has a choice about which direction to go to reach an exit
Addresses the relationship of structures to their sites
local zoning ordinances
address methods and materials of construction permitted within sites
building codes
Minimum setbacks from property lines will most likely be found in what?
local zoning ordinance
when is the ideal time to value engineer a project
in the initial planning stages or as early as possible
In life cycle cost analysis, expenses that have been incurred on a project prior to the baseline date and cannot be recovered
sunk costs
Retainage at substantial completion is frequently equivalent to
the contractor’s profit
framing system best for a four-story hotel that wishes to have the structural system exposed, maintain a high fire-resistance rating, and minimum construction time
one way solid slab concrete frame
Thesis that designing a space that allows residents a sense of ownership and control leads to an environment that people care about and will work to maintain and protect
defensible space
What determines minimum parking requirements for a specific site
local zoning ordinances
Concept that relies on the inhabitants to police their own surroundings; Design an environment that encourages them to do so by clearly defining public and private spaces and by making streets, parking areas, and building entrances more visible
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED)
An approach to town planning that advocates more diverse housing opportunities and less dependence on cars
new urbanism
-I.e. narrow streets, frequent intersections, mixed use occupancies, apartments over retail shops, front porches on houses, parallel parking
Equation for calculating the minimum size of the required exit from a space
maximum number of occupants x 0.2
The tendency for architectural materials and paving to increase the temperature of their immediate environment
heat island effect
A paving material with high reflectance has ___
high albedo
A measure of how much of the radiant energy that a surface receives is reflected rather than absorbed
albedo
Minimum width of a corridor serving an occupant load greater than 50
44 inches
Minimum width of a corridor serving an occupant load less than 50
36 inches
When two exits are required in a non sprinklered building they must be separated by a distance not less than ____ the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served
one half
When two exits are required in a sprinklered building they must be separated by a distance not less than ____ the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served
one third
Minimum width of exit stairways is calculated by
maximum number of occupants x 0.3
The IBC allows egress to pass through an adjoining or intervening room or space provided that what 3 conditions are all met
- One of the two rooms or spaces is an accessory to the other
- Neither room or space is a group H occupancy
- There is a discernible path of egress travel to an exit
Doors opening into the path of egress travel may reduce the required width up to ___ during the course of the swing, but when fully open the door must not project more than ___ into the required width.
One half; 7 inches
Handrails may not reduce the required means of egress width more than ___ inches on each side
4.5 inches
A door placed in a 1 hr corridor must have a fire rating of at least ___ minutes and must also have what
20 minutes; Approved smoke and draft control seals
Glazing may be used in a 1 hour rated corridor wall only if the glass is listed and labeled as having ___ hour fire protection rating
3/4 hour
When a duct penetrates a rated corridor, It must be provided with what?
A fire damper that has a rating of at least 20 minutes
length of a dead end corridor for unsprinkled building defined by IBC
20 ft
Exceptions to length of dead end corridor
- if building is sprinkled - 50 feet
- If its length is less than 2.5 times its width at the narrowest part
The minimum width of egress door openings must be sufficient for the occupant load served, and the clear width must always be at least ___ inches
32 inches
Egress doors must swing
in the direction of travel when the area served has an occupant load of 50 or more, or if the area is group H occupancy
In building four or more stories in height, exit stairways must be enclosed with __ rated walls
2 hour
In buildings less than four stories, exit stairways must be enclosed with __ rated walls
1 hour
Stairways serving an occupant load of 50 or more must be at least ___ inches wide
44 inches, or as wide as determined by multiplying the occupant load by 0.3
Stairways serving an occupant load of less than 50 must not be less than ___ inches wide
36 inches
If the stairway is the accessible means of egress, the minimum clear width is ___ inches between handrails
48 inches
minimum head room for stairway
6’-8”
height of handrail measured from top of tread to top of handrail
34-38”
A component whose function is to prevent falls from an elevated area
guard
Guards are required along open sided walking surfaces, mezzanines, stairs, ramps, and landings that are more than ___ inches above the floor or grade below
30 inches
Guards must be __ inches high
42 inches
Distance between the building and the outermost secured perimeter
standoff distance
-should be maximized in blast resistant design
Minimum slope of pipe sizes
1/4 in/ft for 2 1/2 inch or less
1/8 in/ft for 3 inch - 6 inch
1/16 in/ft for 8 inch or larger
Equation for cubic yards
Length x width x height / 27
What type of agent would be added to the mix when pouring concrete in hot weather
Retarding agent
Equation for maximum building area
Total square footage of site x FAR
What are conifers best used for in site design
Blocking wind and views
Who prepares and submits the schedule of values
The contractor submits the schedule of values to the architect
What is the maximum span of a reinforced concrete waffle slab
55’
Heavy timber is what construction type
Type IV
Which medium transmits sound the slowest?
Air
AS the slope of drainage pipe decreases the size of the pipe must ___
increase
The maximum area of signage on the exterior of a building is most commonly regulated by
zoning ordinances
Regulations for wetlands are established at the ___ level
federal level, and can be set by local and state governments
4 basic types of site utilization in urban planning
- rear yard
- side yard
- perimeter yard
- courtyard
minimum width of a ramp
36 inches
Handrail is required on both sides of a ramp if rise is greater than
6 inches
maximum rise between landings on a ramp
30 inches
maximum distance between landings on a ramp
30’
What type of electronic security system best protects the exterior of an office building
video surveillance
What is an ideal design strategy for a building in a hot-arid climate
using a compact form
What is the most important characteristic of an on-site road designed to serve parking areas and service vehicles?
slope
What type of albedo and conductivity should an exterior material have to best moderate a microclimate in a temperate zone
Low albedo; low conductivity
What is especially important in designing roads for drainage
crown
-All roads should have a crown, or high point in the center to ensure positive drainage to either side
The bottom of drains, catch basins and manholes
invert
Wastewater flows because of differences in elevation along
inverts
Reinforced concrete or masonry retaining walls are usually necessary when the height of the wall exceeds
4 feet
What factors affect the wind pressure on a building
wind speed
terrain surrounding the building
building height
building shape
The moment resisting frame is an appropriate system to use for resisting wind forces in
low rise buildings and high rise building of 30 stories or less
For taller buildings what are appropriate systems for resisting lateral forces
x bracing or chevron bracing
Wood I-joists generally can be used for spans of
20-45 feet
What types of buildings are most suited for a pan joist concrete system
industrial and storage buildings
-because it is a system that is best suited for heavy live loads
What factors affect a building’s response to an earthquake
soil type
building form
building weight
structural materials and system
What should be avoided when designing for lateral loads
reentrant corners
Most important design recommendations for lateral loads
regularity
symmetry
What kind of pile types has the lowest initial cost and least load bearing capacity?
timber piles
When regulations are in conflict, what action should the architect take?
design to the most restrictive requirement
When determining the massing of a building during preliminary design, what should the architect research first?
zoning regulations
What is used to allow a nonconforming use in a zoning district
conditional use permit
A deviation from zoning regulations
variance
During preliminary planning for a middle school the architect realizes that the school district facilities management department requires a larger building than is allowed by current zoning setbacks. How can the architect resolve the conflict?
Suggest the school apply for a variance
The landing of a stair must be the same as
the width of the stair
Best design concept for designing a site so that visitors always know where they are in a building and how to get to their destination
Radial plan
i.e. centralized reception space and waiting lobby with corridors radiating from it
Best design concept for a building where the circulation scheme must provide the location for mechanical system distribution and must allow for a simple post and beam or bearing wall structural system
linear layout
What organization layout works best for a design program requiring many primary adjacencies and easy movement of people and supplies
central
-however it does not allow for easy expansion
Organizational layouts that work best for expansion
grid
linear
radial
net assignable area / efficiency ration
gross area
ideal orientation for passive solar design in a temperate climate
slightly east of south
Preloading of the ground with fill material to cause consolidation and settlement of the underlying soil
surcharging
-used to increase the bearing capacity of soil or decrease possible settlement
Used to temporarily support a structure when its foundation is repaired or deepened
needle beams
An expansive clay that can push foundations and floor slabs upward when it gets wet
bentonite
A soils report indicates that bentonite is present below the site of a proposed two story manufacturing building. What type of foundation system should be used?
drilled piers with grade beams
Which parking configuration is most difficult for a driver to maneuver within
90 degree
What is the least efficient parking configuration
30 degree
prevents excessive stormwater runoff on a site from overloading the storm sewer system by temporarily holding the water and releasing it at a controlled rate
retention pond
Construction that is designed to allow sediment to settle while water drains into the ground is called a what?
bioswale
Construction designed to retain stormwater until it can seep into the ground is called a what?
infiltration basin
Storm drainage structure that is designed to collect grit and trash while allowing the stormwater to flow out the drainage pipes
catch basin
The fraction of total precipitation falling on a surface that runs off the surface or is not absorbed into the ground
runoff coefficient
The recommended minimum width for a sidewalk is
5 feet
-allows two wheelchairs to pass traveling in opposite directions and turning radius
Deals with the issues of territoriality, spacing and positioning between people, and how the organization of the environment can affect these issues
proxemics
street type intended to give direct access to building sites and are often curvilinear
local streets
street type that collects local streets and arterial streets
collector street
