PDD Flashcards
Used at the head of an aluminum storefront system to accommodate the deflection of the structure
slip joint
Types of Cement
I - Standard Cement - used for most general construction
II - Modified Cement - used in places where a modest amount of sulfate resistance is needed and heat of hydration needs to be controlled (i.e. dams, massive structures)
III - High-early-strength Cement - used where a quick set is needed; also suitable for cold weather concrete because it has a higher heat of hydration
IV - Low-heat Cement - used in massive structures to minimize cracking; slow setting
V - Sulfate-resisting Cement - used for structures that will be exposed to water or soil with a high alkaline content
Precast concrete members can be a maximum of ___ ft wide
14 ft
Materials or assemblies with a high noise reduction coefficient (NRC) generally have a ___
low STC
Reinforcing rebar size numbers equal the number of ____ of an inch across the diameter
eighths
What is used to minimize corner chipping of concrete?
chamfer strips
In masonry walls, water is prevented from seeping back into the wall through capillary action by using what?
drips
Asphalt impregnated building paper is used under siding primarily to
increase the water resistance of the wall
A joint that is typically used where an addition meets an existing building to allow the two sections to move independently of one another is called an
isolation joint
A weak section intentionally created in the slab so that normal temperature and stress cracking will occur along the joint instead of at random locations
control joint
Occurs wherever there are two successive pours
construction joint
Allows entire sections of a concrete structure to move independently of one another - complex fabrications
expansion joint
Method of forming that moves as the concrete cures - used to form continuous surfaces such as tunnels and high rise building cores
slip forming
Types of Cement Mortar
N - most commonly used for exterior, above grade walls exposed to severe weather
S - suitable for at or below grade applications due to its higher compressive strength
M - has highest compressive strength and is recommended for harder stone and walls bearing heavy loads
O - limited to interior non-load-bearing walls, tuck pointing, and historic structures
Types of Brick
SW - Severe Weathering
MW - Moderate weathering
NW - negligible weathering
Two broad categories of specifications
Prescriptive Specifications - specify brand names and tell the contractor exactly what product or material to use
Performance Specifications - tell what results the final construction assembly should achieve
Types of prescriptive specifications
Proprietary specifications - most restrictive and require use of a specific manufacturer’s product
Base bid with alternates - calls out a product but allows the substitution of other products that the contractor determines to be equal to the one stated
Specification type that encourages competitive bidding
performance specifications
Types of performance specifications
Descriptive specification - gives detailed descriptions of material or product but does not mention trade names
Plywood veneer grades
N - freeform defects but is only available on special order
A - smooth and paintable with few knots or defects and is most commonly available
B - allows for plugged knotholes but has a smooth surface
C - allows small knotholes and some splits
D - allows for larger knotholes
What type of plywood is used for roof sheathing
C-D Exterior
Architectural woodwork for installation in the south-western United States should have a moisture content of
4-9%
What is the building code requirement for pairs of exit doors with astragals?
coordinator
According to most building codes, horizontal masonry reinforcement is required every ___ inches
16 inches
What is the most important fire-resistance property of a CMU partition
equivalent thickness
The solid thickness that would result if the concrete contained in a hollow unit were recast without core holes
equivalent thickness
The allowable stress ratings for lumber in the building codes are based primarily on what?
species
Which pedestrian walk material provides the best positive grade-level drainage away from a building
concrete
Difference in pressure between the top and bottom of a building due to a temperature differential
stack effect
The part of a building envelope that controls infiltration and exfiltration
Air barrier
Transfers heat between two airstreams through the use of a heat exchanger wheel
Energy transfer wheels (enthalpy heat exchangers)
How to calculate the needed capacity of a refrigeration machine in tons
calculated total heat gain in Bty/hr / 12,000
Types of metal conduit
Rigid steel conduit
Intermediate metal conduit (IMC)
Electric metallic tubing (EMT) / flex
used to allow outdoor air to be used for cooling when temperatures are low enough; adjusts dampers on the return air ducts and fresh air intakes
economizer cycle
Efficiency of a luminaire in a particular space
coefficient of utilization
Which type of pipe is used for sanitary lines in nonresidential buildings
cast iron
Types of fire extinguishers
A - Cloth, wood, rubber, paper, plastics B - Gasoline, grease, oil C - Electrical fires D - Combustible metals K - Kitchen fires
An architect is designing a decorative wood grille wall covering in a building lobby. The grille is attached to a gypsum board partition with metal clips. Which item should be checked first?
flame - spread rating
Uniform Drawing System (UDS) standard organization of construction drawings
General Hazardous materials survey/mapping geotechnical Civil Landscape Structural Architectural Interiors Equipment Fire protection Plumbing Mechanical Electrical
Organization of architectural drawings
Title and Index demo plan floor plans rcp roof plans exterior elevations interior elevations building sections wall sections exterior details interior details
Elements of the contract documents
Addendums, general conditions of the contract, change orders, specifications, AIA docs
Five characters used to identify a drawing sheet
AANNN
AA - Discipline designator
N -Sheet type designator
NN - Sheet sequence number
Letter designations for consultants on drawing sheets
A - Architectural E - Electrical FP - Fire Protection I - Interiors M - Mechanical S - Structural
Digit designations for drawing types
0 - general 1 - plans 2 - elevations 3 - sections 4 - large scale views 5 - details 6 - schedules and diagrams 7 & 8 - user-defined drawing types that don't fall into other categories 9 - 3D representations
A bound book or series of volumes containing all contract and non contract documents for a construction project other than the drawings
project manual
- bidding requirements
- contract information (owner-contractor agreement, bond forms, etc)
- general and supplementary conditions of the contract
- technical specifications
14 Specification Divisions
00 - Procurement and contracting requirements 01 - General requirements 02 - Existing Conditions 03 - Concrete 04 - Masonry 05 - Metals 06 - Wood, Plastics, Composites 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection 08 - Openings 09 - Finishes 10 - Specialties 11 - Equipment 12 - Furnishings 13 - Special Construction 14 - Conveying Equipment
The procedure for submitting shop drawings for architectural woodwork is specified in MasterFormat Division __?
01
Design strength of concrete in psi after curing for 28 days
3000psi
minimum clear floor space for one stationary wheelchair
30x48
Internal resistance to deformation
stress
Walls designed to carry lateral loads
shear walls
Column and beam lines designed to carry wind loads are called
bents
The direct wind pressure on a vertical surface is directly proportional to
the square of the wind velocity
3 series of open web steel joists
K - Standard
LH - long span
DLH - deep long span
span to depth ration of a plywood diaphragm system
4:1
When designing for wind forces, maximum drift should be limited to ___ of a building’s height
1/500
concrete slab where reinforcement is run in one direction perpendicular to the beams supporting the slab
one way slab
concrete slab where rebars run in both directions and the applied loads are distributed in all directions; must use square column bays
two way slab
Types of retaining walls
Gravity wall
Cantilever wall
Counterfort wall
type of retaining wall that resists the forces on it by its own weight and by soil pressure and friction against its surface opposite to the earth forces - most used for low retaining walls up to 10 ‘
gravity wall
type of retaining wall constructed of reinforced concrete - resists forces by the weight of the structure as well as by the weight of the soil on the heel of the base slab - used for walls 20-25’ tall
cantilever wall
type of retaining wall used for higher walls greater than 20-25’ - reinforced concrete webs spaced equal distances to act as diagonal bracing for the wall
counterfort wall
the space between a suspended ceiling and the structural floor or roof
Plenum
A device that absorbs heat from a cooler location and transfers it to a warmer one using the principles of refrigeration
heat pump
for site grading on a project, slopes for permanent fill are not to be steeper than 1 vertical unit for how any horizontal units?
2
Which is more formal - arbitration or mediation
arbitration
Efficiency of a luminaire in a particular space is represented by its
coefficient of utilization
Types of lighting systems
direct semidirect direct-indirect general diffuse semi-indirect indirect
best type of piping system to use for hydronic distribution when the needs are efficiency and comfort control
series perimeter loop system
type of test used to measure the permeability of soil
percolation test
An area where effluent seeps from the drain tiles into the soil
leaching field
most effective way to reduce stormwater runoff
reduce the amount of impervious area
What duct shape is the most desirable?
Round - it has the lowest friction allowance; next best shape is square
Which type of high intensity discharge (HID) lamp must be installed in a specified burning position?
Metal halide
portion of the soil stack above the highest plumbing fixture - open to the outside at the top
stack vent
collection of vents from a number of fixtures that share one exterior outlet
vent stack
an area of the plumbing that can be accessed to clear obstructions from the system
cleanout
a flap that opens to admit air if there is a suction in a water pipe, which prevents siphoning of wastewater back into the clean water supply system
vacuum breaker
criteria to consider when designing location for mechanical room
- each mechanical room should have at least one exterior wall
- the boiler room should be adjacent to the chilled water plant
- ceilings should be at least 12’ high
duct shape that is the most efficient and offers the smallest possible perimeter for the same cross sectional area (minimizing friction and pressure loss)
round
what type of detectors monitor smoke
photoelectric detectors
type of detector that sounds an alarm when they sense the products of combustion
ionization detector
pieces of equipment used to allow trucks with various bed heights to be serviced from the same dock
dock leveler
lamp type with the longest life span
high-pressure sodium
lamp type with the shortest life span
incandescent bulb
Common sound intensity levels
0 db threshold of hearing, through 130 db the threshold of pain
minimum width of a lobby (between elevators)
10 feet
In calculating solar heat gain what values must be known?
design cooling factor & the area of the glass
A two way concrete slab is normally reinforced for
bending moment in both directions
Adding a shear key to the base of a cantilever retaining wall helps to prevent what?
sliding of the wall
A positive bending moment at a section of a beam implies ___ stress in the top fibers of the beam and ___ stress in the bottom fibers of the beam
compression; tension
What is the purpose of gravel under and on outside of basement walls and slab
to reduce hydrostatic pressure
The water force exerted on structures
hydrostatic pressure
angled piece of blocking that eases the transition between the roof deck and the parapet wall
cant strip
The maximum spacing between lateral ties of a reinforced concrete column should be the least of what three dimensions
- 16 times the reinforcing bar diameter
- 48 times the tie diameter
- least dimension of the column
A soft story is a story in which the lateral stiffness is less than ___% of that in the story above or less than ___% of the average stiffness of the stories above
70%; 80%
Equation for calculating the thickness of a cantilevered concrete slab
h=L/10 ; answer should be in inches, L would need to be multiplied by 12in/ft
Factors that affect the allowable shear value in a diaphragm system made of steel deck
- thickness of steel deck
- size of welds and other connections between deck and framing
- spacing of welds and other connections between deck and framing
- presence of concrete topping
Epoxy coated reinforcing bars are used when the concrete will be exposed to what?
chlorides (i.e. salts)
applications - parking garages, fishing piers, exterior concrete stairs, cold climate highway paving floor slab
best concrete finish for slip resistance
broom finish
mortar type that should be specified for exterior applications at or below grade
M
Restrictions on surface finishes in all model codes are primarily based on what?
location in the building and occupancy group
Equation for calculating thermal conductivity (U-value)
U = 1/R
How are the diagonal members of the x-bracing of a tall structure designed to minimize costs?
one diagonal brace is designed to be stressed in tension, while the other is not stressed
What is used to keep water from penetrating an expansion joint at the intersection of a roof and wall
counterflashing
On floors subject to deflection, granite installations should include what?
membrane
Requirements of the NFPA for portable fire extinguishers
- Cabinets must have a vision panel or be clearly marked
- Extinguishers must be tested regularly and have an approved label
- when extinguishers are required, no occupant may be more than 75 ft from a fire extinguisher
A wall mounted object placed more than 27 inches above the floor cannot protrude more than __ inches from the wall
4 inches
Minimum width of the required floor area on the pull side of a door
18 inches
Requirements for testing of installed systems are in part __ of each technical section of a specification
Part 3
Minimum depth required for a hearth & min extensions on either side of fireplace opening
16 Inch min. depth
8” extension on either side of the opening
process of applying heat to a tile to fuse the material and make it denser
vitrification ; commonly used for a way to specify water absorption of tile
___ hinges are always required for fire-rated doors
ball-bearing hinges
the standardized levels of finish in the gypsum wall board industry refer to the what?
number of coats of joint compound used
materials or systems of materials used to seal penetrations through fire walls or smoke barriers
firestops;
depending on wall type - silicone foam, mortar, mineral wool
best sealant to use between exterior precast concrete wall panels
polyurethane - allows for the most joint movement
How to calculate degree days
by comparing the base temperature to the average temperature on a specific date in a specific location
An average of a barrier’s ability to reduce sound over several frequency bands
Sound transmission class
Ranges of STC ratings
25 - normal speech can clearly be heard through barrier
30 - loud speech can be heard and understood; normal speech can be heard but not understood
35 - loud speech is not intelligible but can be heard
42-45 - loud speech can only be faintly heard; normal speech cannot be heard
45-50 - loud speech is not audible; loud sounds can only be heard faintly
Equation for Power
P = VI(PF)
Power = Voltage x Current (Power Factor)
The best measure to use when evaluating how well a window assembly prevents heat gain is the
solar heat gain coefficient
ratio of solar heat gain through a window to the amount of solar radiation striking the window
solar heat gain coefficient
1 psi is needed to lift water ___ ft
2.3 ft
codes limit the number of conductors permitted in a conduit for which reasons
- to control heat buildup in the conduit
- to prevent damage to the conductors when they are pulled through the conduit
Division 1 specification sections do what?
establish administrative procedures for the project
amount that an element of a building is permitted to be “off” from the specified dimension
tolerance
3 part specification format developed by CSI
general, products, and execution
light gage metal framing for interior partitions is specified in which division?
09 - Finishes
Installing a sprinkler system in a new building adds __% to the total construction cost
1-1.5%
For an 80,000 sf office building, __% of total construction budget will go to mechanical and electrical
30% - equally divided between mechanical and electrical
For smaller office building, 20%
Footing depth is determined by
- design requirements
- soil capacity
- frost depth
Where should transverse reinforcement be located in a footing
located directly under the continuous rebars in the footings and between the continuous rebar runs that are parallel with the footing
L-shaped rebars that connect a CMU foundation wall to a footing
dowels
A synthetic membrane made of a polymer used to reinforce soils behind retaining walls
geogrid
Elements of a concrete block retaining wall that connect the blocks together
fiberglass pins
Spacing of anchor bolts as specified by IRC
6 ft
ACI requires a minimum of __ inches of concrete cover to protect rebar
3 inches
I joists are typically used for spans of ___ ft
16-20 ft
Dimensional lumber is typically used for spans of ___ ft
15-20 ft
Wood material used for spans longer than 20 ft
LVL or glu lam
Equation for calculating total load
dead load + live load
Equation for calculating load per linear foot on each beam
total load x tributary width
How to calculate total load on a column
Step 1 - Sum the dead and live loads
Step 2 - Total load of beam x tributary area
Step 3 - Calculate support reactions by dividing total beam load by 2
Step 4 - Do same steps for other beam
Step 5 - Sum the support reactions
What is the required minimum concrete thickness above footing rebars
6 inches
Calculating the size of an HVAC system involves
- knowing the needed capacity of the heating and cooling equipment
- determining the size of the mechanical spaces needed
- layout for distribution
The air handler is located in the
Fan room
In a medium to large building using an all air or air water system, the mechanical room should have a floor area equal to ___% to ___% of the total building area being served
3-10%
Concept of fire and life safety - by containing a fire limiting its spread, building occupants can escape and other parts of the building can be protected from fire damage
Compartmentation
Vertical panel made from fire resistive materials that is attached to the ceiling that is immediately adjacent to an opening
Curtain board
Or
Draft stop
Four types of sprinkler systems
Wet pipe - most common
Dry pipe - used in areas subject to freezing
Pre-action - similar time dry pipe but water is allowed into system before sprinkler head has opened
Deluge - activate all the sprinkler heads in an area at once
3 types of intrusion detection
- perimeter protection
- area or room protection
- object protection
Methods for increasing IIC value of a floor
- add carpet
- provide resilient suspended ceiling below
- float a finished floor on resilient pads over the structural floor
- provide sound absorbing material in the air space between the floor and the finished ceiling
Random distribution of sound from a surface
Diffusion
Return of sound waves from a surface
Reflection
Vertical loads due to the weight of the building and any permanent equipment
Dead loads
Loads imposed on a building by the buildings particular use and occupancy and are generally considered movable or temporary
Live loads
Types of glass
Annealed glass / float glass
Tempered glass - when it breaks it shatters into small pieces and is laminated; good for applications where glass can break and a person is close
Laminated - many sheets with film between (good for sky lights); also helps to reduce sound
How big is a square of roofing?
100sf
3 types of stress
Tension
Compression
Shear
Stress in which the particles of the member tend to pull apart under load
Tension
Stress in which the particles of the member are pushed together and the member tends to shorten
Compression
Stress in which the particles of a member slide past each other
Shear
With tension and compression the force acts _____ to the area of the material resisting force
Perpendicular
With shear the force acts ___ to the area resisting force
Parallel
The change in vertical posterior of a beam due to a load
Deflection
-amount of deflection depends on the load, beam length, moment of inertia, modulus of elasticity
Distance from grade to bottom of a pipe
Invert
Types of hydronic distribution systems
- one-pipe system (traditional steam radiator system)
- two-pipe direct return system
- two-pipe reverse return system
- series perimeter loop system
Key consideration when considering a location for a mechanical system in a 10 story office building
The most desirable and preferred areas for leasable office space (edges of the building where there is daylight, views, and natural ventilation)
Measures the permeability of soil
percolation test
An area where effluent seeps from the drain tiles into the soil
leaching field
A private waste disposal system generally consists of ___ and ___
Septic tank and leaching field
Liquid portion left in the septic tank after the solid sewage matter settles to the bottom
effluent
Any area of building or paving that does not allow stormwater to seep into the ground
impervious area
Which type of high intensity discharge lamp must be installed in a specified burning position?
Metal halide lamps
What combination of daylighting and electric lighting would be the most appropriate choice for a painting studio
north facing windows
skylights
fixtures with high color rendering index fluorescent lamps
Weatherstripping affects what?
Infiltration
What device would best control entry to a secure laboratory
card reader
What types of fire protection is most appropriate for an elementary school
- ionization detector
- photoelectric detector
- laser beam detector
these are best because they detect at the smoke/smoldering stage and would give enough warning
What technique should be recommended when dealing with historic buildings and fragile old building materials?
The least destructive technique
Removing missing or deteriorating mortar and replacing with compatible mortar that is restrict to shed water from the joints
repointing or tuck pointing
used to provide adjustability for various sized trucks
dock levelers
placed in a pit at the edge of a dock and a steel panel is adjusted up or down to provide a ramp from he the dock to the level of the truck
Access floor system consists of what components
- modular panels
- pedestals
- lifting devices
- (sometimes stringers)
Factor published by ASHRAE that takes into account several variables:
- type of glazing
- type of interior shading
- outdoor design temperature
Design cooling load factor
In a one-way slab, the reinforcement is placed for bending moment in what direction?
the short direction
What type of diaphragm has the largest allowable shear value
diaphragm that consists of a 6 inch concrete slab
The branch of mechanics that deals with bodies in a state of equilibrium
statics
Said to exist when the resultant of any number of forces acting on a body is zero
equilibirum
Any action applied to an object
force (i.e. loads)
The internal structure of a building material must resist external loads with internal forces of their own that are equal in magnitude and of opposite sign. These external loads are called ____.
internal resistance to an external force.
stresses
Stress in which the particles of the member tend to pull apart under load
tension
stress in which the particles of the member are pushed together and the member tends to shorten
compression
stress in which the particles of a member slide past each other
shear
With tension and compression, the force acts ___ to the area of the material resisting the force
perpendicular
With shear, the force acts ___ to the area resisting the force
parallel
f = P/A
Formula for calculating stress
Stress is expressed as force per unit area and is determined by dividing the total force applied to the total area
The point at which the material continues to deform with very little increase in load
yield point
Measure of a material’s resistance to deformation, or its stiffness
Modulus of elasticity
Tendency of a force to cause rotation about a point
moment
Product of the force times the perpendicular distance to the point about which it is acting
moment
A portion of the structure that is extracted when analyzing structures and represent the forces acting on it with force vectors
free body diagram
3 basic principles of equilibrium
- The sum of all vertical forces acting on a body equals zero
- The sum of all horizontal forces acting on a body equals zero
- The sum of all moments acting on a body or the moment of all forces about a point on the body equals zero
If a force tends to cause a clockwise rotation, the resulting moment is said to be ___
positive
If a force tends to cause a counterclockwise rotation, the resulting moment is said to be ___
negative
A graphic representation of the values of the vertical shear anywhere along a beam
Shear diagram
Shear diagram for a uniformly distributed load is
angular (sloped line)
Shear diagram for a point load is
rectangular
Moment diagram for a point load is
angular (sloped line)
Moment diagram for a uniformly distributed load is
curved
Graphic representation of the moment at all points along a beam
moment diagram
the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces to the left of the section under consideration and is the value of force times distance
how to find moment at any point
Maximum moment occurs where the shear diagram
crosses zero
The strongest type of column is one that is
fixed against both rotation and translation
The weakest type of column is one that is
free to move at one end
For a cantilevered beam with a point load, the moment diagram should
Be sloped, with zero being at the end of the point load because the moment at this location would equal zero
How to calculate the tributary area of an interior column
Calculate area of adjacent spans
What is the recommended minimum embedment depth for anchor bolts connecting a steel base plate to a concrete footing
8 inches
What is the purpose of gravel against a basement wall and slab
to reduce hydrostatic pressure
-the gravel provides open spaces for any water to lose its pressure and drip to drains near the footing
When soil near grade level is unsuitable for spread footings, what type of foundations are used?
pile foundations
-these transmit building loads through the unsuitable soil to a more secure bearing with end bearing side friction
Distance from the top of a footing to the centroid of the reinforcing steel
effective depth (since the concrete below the steel does not contribute any structural properties
Two ways a retaining wall can fail
overturning or sliding
Two ways to design a retaining wall to reduce the build up of water behind them
providing weep holes near the bottom of the wall
providing a layer of gravel next to the back of the wall
Two types of timber connectors
split rings and shear plates
Two most common methods in use for making steel connections
bolting and welding
The height from the nosing to the top of a handrail must be between
34 and 38 inches
Decorative trim produced in a shop or mill and delivered to the job site
millwork
Detailed carpentry completed on site, including installation of the millwork
Finish carpentry
Solid or laminated lumber laid on its face spanning between members
decking
A number of individual pieces of lumber glued together and finished under factory conditions for use as beams, columns, purlins and other structural uses
glue laminated wood members
Property that allows steel to withstand excessive deformations, due to high tensile stresses without failure
ductility
Concrete floor slab finish intended for outdoor surfaces and interior slabs that will become the substrate for a finish material that does not require a perfectly smooth underlayment, such as carpet or tile
float finish
Concrete floor slab finish type that are very smooth and can be sealed or painted to become the final floor finish or used as a substrate for a finish that requires a perfectly smooth surface like vinyl
troweled finish
Mortar type best for exterior applications above grade and for interior load bearing walls
Type N or S
Mortar type best suited for interior and protected exterior non load bearing partitions
Type O
concrete produces heat while it cures
heat of hydration
Three types of tests for concrete
slump test - measures the consistency
cylinder test - measures compressive strength
core cylinder test - used when a portion of the structure is in place and cured
Critical components of a primary hydraulic elevator system
- car support rails
- elevator pit
- piston
Critical components of a primary traction elevator
- hoisting cables
- counterweights
- penthouse machine room
What type of glass has less of a green tint than clear glass
low-iron clear glass
If a project has come in over budget in a 95% cost estimate, prior to the bidding phase what should the architect recommend to the owner?
Incorporate design alternates into the documents
How will you know if a wall type is 2 hour rated
2 layers of gypsum board
A client for a publicly funded project has requested the specifications be written in a way to promote competition and maximize client value. What method of specifying should be considered?
Descriptive, performance, reference
Good because each of these methods do not list specific products and materials by name, and would promote competition among manufacturers and allow the owner to receive maximum value
Product used for producing specifications
MasterSpec
How to calculate width of egress stair for a space with multiple egress stairs
- Divide total number of occupants by the number of exits
- Multiply number of occupants by the egress capacity factors found in the code
maximum rise of a ramp before landings are needed
30 inches
Used to describe a period of time with maximum conditions that an HVAC system was designed to accommodate and maintain the desired indoor air temperature and humidity
Design day
It is colder than 95% of the days
Beyond what decibel level does sound start to become harmful?
85
Which construction types are required to have non combustible exterior wall assemblies
I, II, III, IV
What specification division would steel concrete reinforcement be in?
Division 03
What specification division should signage be located in
10 - Specialties
Handrails are required to resist a concentrated load of what?
200 pounds
What metals are most resistant to oxidization
Gold, Silver
An area/volume estimate is a type of cost estimating used during what phase of design
Schematic design (because of lack of details available)
How can efflorescence be prevented?
Furnishing adequate weather protection during construction
An area of refuge is required to be what size
30x48
The process of rebuilding or strengthening the foundation of an existing building
Underpinning
Required in wood framing to secure the wall and floor framing to the foundation against uplifting wind or seismic forces
Sill plate anchors (or hold downs)
Thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage or water into a structure from an angle or a joint
Flashing
Exposed flashing consists of
A sheet metal and expansion joints
Flashing concealed within a construction assembly may be of
Sheet metal or waterproofing membrane
Manifestation of surface tension by which the greater adhesion of liquid to a solid surface than internal cohesion of the liquid itself causes the liquid to be elevated against a vertical surface
Capillary action
Categories of how exterior walls deter water penetration
- Mass wall systems (concrete, masonry) - shed rain at exterior face, and absorb the remainder that is released as vapor
- Barrier wall systems (EIFS) - relies on a continuous seal at the exterior face, which requires ongoing maintenance
- Drainage walls (stucco) - utilize a drainage plane or moisture barrier between the exterior cladding and supporting wall for moisture resistance
- Rainscreen walls - consists of outer layer of cladding, an air cavity, and a drainage plane on a rigid, water resistant, and airtight support wall
An exterior wall supported by the steel or concrete structural frame of a building and carrying no load other than its own weight and wind loads
Curtain wall
____ air is capable of holding more moisture vapor and has a higher dew point than ____
Warm air; cold air
Moisture vapor always migrates from ___ to ___ pressure areas
High to low (because it is a gas)
The bottom ___ inches of doors should have a smooth uninterrupted surface to allow door to be opened by a wheelchair footrest
12 inches
Door operating hardware should be easy to grasp with one hand and mounted at a maximum height of ___ inches above the floor
48”
Minimum clear width for all doorways
32”
