powerpoints- acid base/kidney

Question 1

Break down of glomerular wall

Answer 1

increases permeability, makes more leaky

Question 2

If acidosis -> respiration

Answer 2

hyperventilation -> more CO2 out of blood -> pH will rise

Question 3

If alkalosis -> respiration

Answer 3

hypoventilation -> CO2 rises in blood -> pH will decrease

Question 4

In kidney: If acidosis ->

Answer 4

reabsorb and produce HCO3- -> pH will rise

Question 5

in kidney: If alkalosis ->

Answer 5

decrease reabsorption -> decrease in H+ excretion -> pH will decrease

Question 6

hematuria

Answer 6

presence of abnormal numbers of red cells in urine

Question 7

causes of hematuria

Answer 7

glomerular damage 
tumors which erode the urinary tract 
urinary tract stones
acute tubular necrosis 
upper and lower urinary tract infections
bladder catheter

Question 8

Pyuria

Answer 8

presence of abnormal numbers of leukocytes

on pp- multilobed nuclei

Question 9

cause of pyuria

Answer 9

infection in either the upper or lower urinary tract or with acute glomerulonephritis.

Question 10

Squamous Epithelial Cells

Answer 10

cells from lining of renal tubular

on pp- egg shaped, small nucleus

Question 11

types of casts

Answer 11

hyaline- youngest
waxy- oldest
fatty
WBC
RBC
epithelial 
granular

Question 12

hyaline cast

Answer 12

protein

factors: low flow rate, high salt concentration, low pH

Question 13

RBC casts

Answer 13

RBC stick together and form cast

suggests a glomerular or renal tubular injury

Question 14

WBC Casts

Answer 14

acute pyelonephritis
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the kidney

Question 15

Bilirubinuria

Answer 15

liver malfunction, bile duct obstruction or excessive hemolysis
pp- Fine needle-like crystals

Question 16

Crystalluria

Answer 16

calcium oxalate
triple phosphate crystals
amorphous phosphates

Question 17

Very uncommon crystals in crystalluria

Answer 17

cystine crystals
tyrosine crystals
leucine crystals

Question 18

Calcium oxalate crystals

Answer 18

most common kidney stone

on pp- looks like envelope

Question 19

Uric acid crystals

Answer 19

don’t form kidney stones
deposits in joints
gout

Question 20

Triple phosphate crystals

Answer 20

on pp- gold bars

Question 21

Cystinuria

Answer 21

on pp- stop signs

may precipitate out of the urine

Question 22

Cholesteroluria

Answer 22

on pp- flat squares

Question 23

renal cortex

Answer 23

on pp- Purple balls with clear surrounding

bowmans space is the clear

Question 24

distal vs proximal

Answer 24

distal look clearer

proximal have microvilli, look cloudy

Question 25

renal medulla

Answer 25

vasa recta

different thickness

Question 26

Glomerulosclerosis

Answer 26

destruction of glomeruli
thickening of the capillary basement membrane
glomerulus becomes sclerotic and nephron function is compromised

Question 27

3 stages of glomerulosclerosis

Answer 27

Proliferate stage- increased number of cells, bowmans capsule is smaller
Membronous stage- thinning and scarring
Final stage- nephron cant function, wont filter- necrotic stage, all scar tissue with no capillary

Question 28

Acute pyelonephritis

Answer 28

common in UTI

glomerulus will appear unaffected

Question 29

Calculi

Answer 29

increased excretion of solutes such as calcium and when urine alkalinity, acidity, stasis, and/or concentration are favorable

Question 30

Acute tubular necrosis

Answer 30

In a healthy tube, will be aligned and next to each other
But are breaking down and out of order
In the urine, would see epithelial cells