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Research > Powerpoint, Week 3 (Quantitative Research) > Flashcards

Powerpoint, Week 3 (Quantitative Research) Flashcards

1
Q

_____ research is 1) objective 2) deductive 3) predetermined structure (lots of procedures/methods)

A

Quantitative

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2
Q

______ research is 1) subjective 2) inductive 3) process-oriented structure

A

Qualitative

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3
Q

Which type of research moves from general -> specific? Inductive or Deductive

A

Deductive

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4
Q

Which type of research moves from looking at specific cases -> generalize (about that person/not necessarily about population)

A

Inductive

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5
Q

Research = correlation of relationships. True or False

A

True (‘bottom of quantitative research totem pole’)

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6
Q

Experimental research design is also known as the “ “?

A

Gold Standard

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7
Q

Three concepts needed for experimental research (MCR):

A

Manipulation (changing variables)
Control (researcher has control over experiment)
Randomization (assignment & sampling are 2 kinds, in order to make outcomes freer of biases)

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8
Q 
There are 5 different types of control that researchers can exert: (here is the first letter of each kind):
A\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
P\_\_\_\_\_\_
S\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
D\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_
W\_\_\_\_
A 
Alternative Intervention
Placebo
Standard Methods of Care
Different Doses/Intensities
Wait-list
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9
Q

Name this experimental design (FYI, when you see R for randomization, you know it’s an experimental design; X is treatment; O1 is posttest)
R X O1
R O1

A

Basic posttest-only design

  • usually done in pilots
  • outcome is not relevant until the intervention is complete
  • drawback: doesn’t allow an evaluation of whether the 2 groups were comparable at the start (because there was no pretest)
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10
Q

Name this experimental design (FYI, O1 is pretest, O2 is posttest, O3 another repeated follow-up posttest)
R O1 X O2 O3
R O1 X O2 O3

A

Basic pretest-posttest design (with optional repeated follow-ups)

  • want to find out baseline data, data after the treatment is administered, and then again a couple months later
  • this is good when the focus of the intervention is on change and when the researcher wants to assess both group differences (experimental comparison) and change within groups (quasi-experimental)
  • drawback - sometimes the pretest itself can affect the outcomes of interest
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11
Q

Name this experimental design (FYI, Xa and Xb are two different treatments)
R O1 Xa O2
R O1 Xb O2
R O1 O2

A

Multiple Intervention Design

  • looks to see if there is change with the 2 treatments plus change with the control
  • this type of design is good to disentangle the effects of different components of a complex intervention (or to test competing interventions)
  • this does require a larger sample size and may be at risk to statistical conclusion validity if a and b are not very different
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12
Q

Name this experimental design
R O1 X O2 O3
R O1 O2 X O3

A

Wait-list or delay of treatment design (you can see that the first group has the treatment administered while the second group is acting as the control…then a posttest occurs and the second group gets the delayed treatment, while the first group doesn’t get any, since they received it the first round)

  • good for when there is patient preference for the innovative treatment and it can strengthen inferences by virtue of replication aspect for the second group
  • drawbacks are that the controls may drop out before they actually receive the delayed treatment and it’s not suitable if key outcomes are measured long after treatment (i.e. mortality) or if there is an interest in assessing long-term effects (wait-list period is then too long)
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13
Q

Name this experimental design
R O1 Xa O2 Xb O3
R O1 Xb O2 Xa O3

A

Crossover design (participants are serving as their own controls)

  • good for when recruitment is difficult because you can have smaller sample sizes here (excellent for controlling confounding variables)…it’s also good for when there is no expectation of carryover effects from one period to the next (effects should have rapid onset, short half life)
  • drawbacks are that you cannot assume there are no carryover effects and if the first treatment “fixes” the problem, the participants may not remain in the study for the second treatment; also history threat to validity is a possibility
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14
Q

True or False - there are 4 phases to clinical trials

A

True

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15
Q

Which phase of a clinical trial does this describe (1, 2, 3, or 4)

  • initial development of drug or therapy
  • designed for safety and tolerance/optimal dose (outcome is looking to see if people can tolerate the drug)
  • small scale studies using simple designs
A

Phase 1

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16
Q

Which phase of a clinical trial does this describe (1, 2, 3, or 4)

  • preliminary evidence of treatment effectiveness
  • assess feasibility of launching rigorous test
  • PILOT test of treatment
A

Phase 2

17
Q

Which phase of a clinical trial does this describe (1, 2, 3, or 4)

  • FULL test of treatment
  • RCT standard design used at this phase
  • develop evidence about treatment efficacy (validates effectiveness/efficiency)
A

Phase 3

18
Q

Which phase of a clinical trial does this describe (1, 2, 3, or 4)

  • effectiveness of intervention in general population
  • focus on postapproval safety surveillance
  • focus on long-term consequences over larger population
A

Phase 4

19
Q

These are some weaknesses of an experimental design:

  • strongest evidence for intervention effects
  • least bias
  • causal relationships
A

False, these are STRENGTHS

20
Q

These are some weaknesses of an experimental design:

  • impractical
  • limited control in clinical settings
  • Hawthorne effect
A

True (nobody does RCT in clinics because it is difficult to randomize in a clinic)

21
Q

This word describes the knowledge that being in a study can affect a participant’s behavior

A

Hawthorne effect

22
Q

Are RCT or pilot studies more often done in clinics?

A

pilot studies

23
Q

Name this quasi-experimental design
O1 X O2
O1 O2

A

Nonequivalent control group, pretets-posttest design

  • there is no randomization here
  • this is good when an entire unit must get the intervention and a similar unit not getting the intervention is available
  • a drawback is that selection threat occurs here (when there’s no randomization, the two groups are different and the outcomes could be attributed to the group differences vs. the IV)
24
Q

Name this quasi-experimental design
X O1
O1

A

Nonequivalent control group, posttest only design

  • this is when researchers already have some prior knowledge about the comparability with regard to key outcomes
  • drawbacks: vulnerable to selection threat as well as history threat
25
Q

Name this quasi-experimental design

O1 X O2

A

One group pretest-posttest design

  • this is when researchers expect the impact of intervention to be dramatic
  • sometimes this is good for pilot studies
  • drawbacks are that it provides weak support for causal inference and it is vulnerable to many internal validity threats such as maturation and history
26
Q

Name this quasi-experimental design

O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8

A

Time series design

  • this provides a lot of data and is looking at the effect of intervention over time, in 1 group
  • this is good because it addresses maturation threat and change from secular trends and random fluctuation
  • drawbacks are that history threat remains and sometimes selection threat if the population changes over time and complex stat analysis that is most appropriate with very large number of data points
27
Q

Name this quasi-experimental design
O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5 O6 O7 O8
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8

A

Time series non-equivalent control group design

  • example of this is one hospital implements an intervention and another hospital doesn’t (usually good with large units of people)…sooooooo, this is good when an entire unit/institution adopts the intervention and a similar unit not adopting it is available AND if comparable data are readily available in records of both
  • drawbacks: selection threat remains because two institutions are rarely identical and analyses may be very complex
28
Q

These are weaknesses for quasi-experimental designs:

  • more practical for clinical settings (b/c you don’t have to randomize)
  • more acceptable to participants (b/c they know they’re not potentially being placed in control group IF they want the intervention)
A

FALSE, these are strengths…..the weaknesses are that cause and effect inferences are less compelling and they are considered weaker designs

this is good work b/c you’re gaining info to potentially move to RCT

29
Q

True or False: nonexperimental research design contains an intervention

A

FALSE, it does not contain an intervention

30
Q

What type of nonexperimental research design does this describe:

  • relationship/association
  • researcher has not control over variables (no IV or DV, just 2 variables)
  • different designs have different degrees of evidence
A

Correlational

31
Q

What type of nonexperimental research design does this describe:

  • phenomenon existed in present is linked to the past
  • begins with DV (i.e. the variable that has already changed) and examines relationship with IV
  • Ex: looking back at medical records
A

Retrospective

32
Q

What type of nonexperimental research design does this describe:

  • data on both variables collected at one point in time
  • not considered a design but method of data collection
  • “One snapshot in time”
A

Cross-sectional

33
Q

What type of nonexperimental research design does this describe:

  • start with presumed cause and then go FORWARD to presumed effect (of what will happen over time)
  • considerably stronger than retrospective designs
A

Prospective

34
Q

What are the two types of descriptive nonexperimental research?

A

Univariate and Correlational

35
Q

This is what type of descriptive nonexperimental research:
Incidence & Prevalence studies
- epidemiological studies (prevalence proportion of total population who have a particular health related condition)
- incidence (how many persons have onset of a condition during a given time span)

A

Univariate

36
Q

This is what type of descriptive nonexperimental research:

  • observe, describe, and document aspects of natural occurring experience
  • describe relationships among variables
  • does not support inferences of causality
A

Correlational

37
Q

These are weaknesses of Correlational research: True or False

  • considered weakest research designs
  • difficulty supporting causal inferences
  • selection bias
A

True….strengths include efficient at collecting large amount of data; plays a role in developing evidence base for causal inference later; strong in realism

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