Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Z 3rd Exam Biomechanics > PowerPoint Chapter 8 > Flashcards

PowerPoint Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a machine?

A

Machine: an apparatus or system that uses the combined action of several parts in order to apply mechanical force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The human body uses ____ to accomplish tasks?

A

The human body uses machines to accomplish tasks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The human body is composed of ____?

A

The human body is composed of machines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The human body fits the definition of a ____ and is therefore a ____ itself?

A

The human body fits the definition of a machine and is therefore a machine itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Any given joint in the musculoskeletal system can technically be classified as an ____ ____?

A

Any given joint in the musculoskeletal system can technically be classified as an intrinsic machine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the types of machines used in the human body?

A

Lever systems
Wheel-and-axle systems
Pulley systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the four functions machines can fulfill?

A

Transmit a force
(Tendons transmit muscle forces to bones)
Increase the magnitude of a force
(Less effort required to move a given resistance)
Increase the linear distance and velocity of a force
Change the direction of a force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What structure in the body transmits forces from muscles?

A

Tendons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a lever system?

A

A lever System consists of a rigid or semi-rigid object (Lever) that is capable of rotating about an axis called a fulcrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three parts of a lever?

A

Rigid lever - Bone
Fulcrum – Joint
Eccentrically applied force - Muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The fulcrum is an an ____ ____ ____?

A

The fulcrum is an axis of rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The force in a lever system must be off-axis to produce ____?

A

torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Levers transmit ____ from one place to another?

A

Levers transmit energy from one place to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is motive torque?

A

Motive Torque
Force applied to attempt to move the lever in one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is resistive torque?

A

Resistive Torque
Force resisting the rotation of the lever in the opposite direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the force applied to attempt to move the lever in one direction called?

A

Motive torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the force resisting the rotation of the lever in the opposite direction called?

A

Resistive torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mechanical advantage?

A

Mechanical Advantage
Relationship of motive force to a given resistive force
The amount of 1 required to overcome the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Location of ____ is the key to Mechanical Advantage?

A

Fulcrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the three general locations the fulcrum can be and what is the advantage of each?

A

(Location of Fulcrum is the key to Mechanical Advantage)
Middle – no clear advantage
Far away – Adv. Motive force
Closer – Adv. Resistive force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How are levers classified?

A

Lever systems are classified according to the positions of the fulcrum, the motive force, and the resistive force.

22
Q

What are the three types of lever and their orientation?

A

First-class lever systems (Motive force–fulcrum–resistive force)
Second-class lever systems (fulcrum–resistive force–motive force)
Third-class lever systems (Fulcrum–motive force–resistive force)

23
Q

Which type of lever is the most versatile?

A

First-class levers

24
Q

Four examples of a first-class lever?

A

Best Example 1st class levers
Teeter-totter –Balanced forces
Cutting tools – scissors
Shovel
Prying tools like a crow bar – adjustable fulcrum

25
Q

What are first-class levers in the human body?

A

Triceps extension
Cervical extension
Plantarflexion

26
Q

In second-class levers the moment arm of the ____ force will always be greater than the moment arm of the ____ force?

A

In second-class levers the moment arm of the motive force will always be greater than the moment arm of the resistance force

27
Q

What are second-class levers always used for?

A

Always used to gain advantage in force production

28
Q

What are 4 limitations to second-class levers?

A

Not as versatile as 1st class lever
No real gains in linear ROM
Lever cannot balance 2 forces
Lever cannot change direction of moving resistance.

29
Q

What are two examples of second class levers in the body?

A

Push up
Front Arm Raise (eccentric)

30
Q

In third-class levers the moment arm for ____ force is always less than moment arm of ____ force?

A

In third-class levers the moment arm for motive force is always less than moment arm of resistive force

31
Q

What is gained in third-class lever systems?

A

Advantages gained in linear ROM and velocity

32
Q

What does a short motive moment arm mean for force?

A

Short moment arm means no advantage in force production. Extra large forces needed.

33
Q

What type of lever is most represented in the body?

A

Third-class levers

34
Q

What are 4 examples of third-class levers?

A

Shovel
Broom
Tweezers or tongs
Rod and reel

35
Q

What are three examples of third-class levers in the human body?

A

Hamstrings
Deltoid
Biceps curl

36
Q

What does a pulley system consist of?

A

Consists of an object that acts as a wheel around which a flexible cord or cable is pulled

37
Q

What are pulley systems used for in the human body?

A

In the human body, pulley systems are used to:
-Change the effective direction of the applied force
-Transmit forces
-Gain an advantage in force by changing the angle of pull for the muscle

38
Q

What is the angle of pull+3 examples?

A

Angle at which the muscle force acts relative to a given axis or lever
Examples in the body:
-Quad muscles and patella
-Gracillis and medial condyle
-Peroneus Longus and lateral malleolus

39
Q

What does a wheel and axle system consist of?

A

Consists of an object acting as a wheel that is secured to a smaller wheel or shaft called the axle

40
Q

Examples of wheel and axle system?

A

Steering wheel, Screw Driver, Faucet, Door knob

41
Q

A wheel an axle system is actually a lever system with________________________________?

A

Actually a lever system with tangential force applied to a moment arm equal to the radius of the wheel or axle

42
Q

What can wheel and axle arrangements do?

A

Wheel-and-axle arrangements can:
-Transmit a force
-Gain an advantage in force or linear range of motion and velocity depending upon whether the force is applied to the wheel or the axle

43
Q

Describe the wheel and axle system?

A

Wheel-and-axle arrangements can:
Transmit a force
Gain an advantage in force or linear range of motion and velocity depending upon whether the force is applied to the wheel or the axle

44
Q

When the force is ____, torque is produced?

A

When the force is eccentric, torque is produced.

45
Q

Explain how a larger wheel applies more force?

A

-The larger the wheel, the more off-axis the force is applied (greater radius of rotation).
-Therefore, a large wheel provides a large moment arm for the applied force.

46
Q

What are three examples of a wheel and axle system in the human body?

A

Skull/Head
Trunk/Spine
Internal and external rotators

47
Q

Much of human movement is a result of ____ ____ ____— designed for velocity over force production?

A

Much of human movement is a result of class-three levers— designed for velocity over force production

48
Q

Longer levers allow ____ ____ at the distal ends of limbs?

A

Longer levers allow higher velocity at the distal ends of limbs

49
Q

Longer arms have the potential to throw ____ and longer legs have the potential to run ____?

A

Longer arms have the potential to throw faster and longer legs have the potential to run faster

50
Q

Humans have developed tools that essentially increase the ____ ____ ____ and therefore the ultimate ____ possible?

A

Humans have developed tools that essentially increase the length of limbs and therefore the ultimate velocity possible
(Rackets, bats, clubs, and lacrosse and hockey sticks)

51
Q

Lighter weight materials allow implements to grow ____ with no effect on ____ them?

A

Lighter weight materials allow implements to grow longer with no effect on accelerating them.
(Aluminum bats vs wood bats)

52
Q

What are two types of adapted motion?

A

Wheelchair racing
-Manual: (hands propel the chair by applying force directly through the wheels
Different rings on the wheels allow racers to apply force through different moment arms.)
-Handcycle: (chair is propelled via a chain and sprockets similar to a racing bicycle
The moment arm remains the same, and mechanical advantage is derived from multiple gears.)

Z 3rd Exam Biomechanics (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions