Powerpoint Flashcards
organic chemistry
the chemistry of all compounds containing carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds
biomolecule
any molecule produced by a living organism
biochemistry
the study of chemical processes taking place in living organisms
cis isomer
molecule with two like groups on the same side of the molecule
trans isomer
molecule with two like groups on opposite sides of the molecule
optical isomer
molecules that are not superimposable on their mirror images
enantiomers
on of a pair of optical isomers of a compound
racemic mixture
a sample containing equal amounts of both enantiomers of a compound
proteins
biological polymers made of amino acids
amino acids
molecules that contain on amine group and one carboxylic acid group
zwitterion
a molecule that has both positively and negatively charged groups in its structure
quaternary structure
the larger structure functioning as a single unit that results when two or more protein chains associate
active site
the location on an enzyme where a reactive substance binds
substrate
the reactant that binds to the active site in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
inhibitor
a compound that diminishes or destroys the ability of an enzyme to catalyze a reaction
glycosidic linkage
a C-O-C bond between sugar molecules
starch
a-glucose with a-1,4-glycosidic bonds
cellulose
b-glucose with b-1,4 glycosidic bonds
biomass
sum total of the mass of organic matter in any given ecological system
biofuels
ethanol. from fermentation of food stock
lipids
class of water-insoluble compounds that are common structural materials in cells
glyceride
lipid consisting of esters formed between fatty acids and the alcohol glycerol
fats
solid triglycerides containing primarily saturated fatty acids
oils
liquid triglycerides containing primarily unsaturated fatty acids
phospholipid
molecule of glycerol with two fatty acids and one polar phosphate group
cholesterol
essential component of cell walls and steroid hormones, important in biosynthesis of proteins
nucleotides
monomer unit from which nucleic acids are made, contained five carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
replication
process by which one double-stranded DNA forms two new DNA molecules
transcription
process of copying information of DNA to RNA
messenger RNA
polynucleotide that carries the code for synthesizing a protein from DNA
codon
three-base sequence that encodes for a specific amino acid
translation
process of assembling proteins from information encoded in RNA
transfer RNA
polynucleotide that delivers amino acids one at a time to polypeptide chains being assembled
