POWERPOINT Flashcards
Piston Engines
Turbo Propeller Engines
Gas Turbine Engines
General Engine Instrumentation
Pressure Measurement
Temperature Measurement
Pressure and Temperature Sensors
Manifold Pressure (MAP)
Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
Fuel and Oil Pressures
Temperature Indicators
Cylinder Head Pressure
Exhaust Gas Temperature
Fuel and Oil Temperatures
Pressure and Temperature Indicators
Tachometers
Magnetic Drag Tachometer
Tacho-Generator and Indicator System
Tachometer Probe and Indicator System
Propeller Auxiliary Systems
Synchronisation System
Synchrophasing System
Operation of a Synchrophasing System
RPM Indicators and Propeller Synchronizer Systems
Torque Meter
Negative Torque Sensing
Engine Torque Measurement
Vibration Monitoring System
Vibration Monitoring
Measurement of Fuel Quantity
Float Type
Ratio Meter Type
Fuel Gauge Capacitance Type of Fuel Gauge
Fuel Totalizer
Fuel Flow
Fuel Gauge
EICAS Architecture
Engine Displays
Crew Alerting
Warnings (Level A)
Cautions (Level B
Advisories (Level C
Master Warning/Caution Light
Inhibits
Display Status
Maintenance
EICAS Failure Modes
EICAS
Engine I Warning (EIW) CRT Display
The System I Status (SIS) CRT Display
ECAM System Architecture
Flight Warning Computers (FWCS)
Display management Computers (DMC)
System Data Acquisition Concentrators (SDAC)
ECAM Control Panel (ECPAttention Getters
ECAM System
Failure Categorization
System Operation
ECAM
(?) is vital to maintain the safe and efficient
operation of the aircraft engines and their associated systems.
Instrumentation
It varies according to the type of engines fitted (e.g. piston,
turboprop, or gas turbine), and in many cases the individual
instruments are identical.
Engine Instrumentation
Engine Speed
Induction Manifold Pressure, or Boost Pressure
(MAP)
Torque or Turning Moment
Cylinder Head Temperature
Lubricating Oil Pressure and Temperature
Fuel Flow
Fuel Quantity
Fuel Pressure
PISTON ENGINES
This is a measure of how much work is being
done by the engine, and is measured in
revolutions per minute (rpm).
ENGINE SPEED
-is the indicator that
indicates the engine
speed
TACHOMETER
This is a measure of the engine power of a
supercharged engine (absolute pressure).
Manifold Pressure
is usually given in inches of mercury (in Hg),
and boost is normally measured in pounds per square
inch (psi).
Manifold Pressure
Acts on the output shaft of the engine and is
proportional to the horsepower developed.
Torque or Turning Moment
It is occasionally used to provide information for
power control
Torque or Turning Moment
This temperature is important because excessive
temperatures can cause engine damage.
Cylinder Head Temperature
The temperature is measured in degrees Celsius
(0C).
Cylinder Head Temperature
measure the temperature of the cylinder head
Cylinder Head Temperature
Ensures adequate lubrication of the engine. In
pressure terms it may be HIGH or LOW, whereas
the temperature is usually in degrees Celsius
(0C).
(Lubricating) Oil Pressure and Temperature
-Provides a measure of the economy of the engine,
and is measured in pounds, kilograms or
gallons/hour.
- indicates the flow of the fuel.
Fuel Flow
Ensures that there is sufficient fuel to
complete the flight, and is measured as Fuel
Mass or Volume.
Fuel Quantity
Measured using a pressure gauge, and any drop
in fuel pressure may indicate a partially blocked
fuel filter.
Fuel Pressure
TURBO PROPELLER ENGINES
For an aircraft with a turbo propeller engine, the parameters that require monitoring are the:
- RPM
Torque
Engine Exhaust Gas Temperatures (EGT), measured in °C.
Lubricating oil pressure
Lubricating oil temperature
Fuel flow
Fuel quantity
Fuel Pressure
- indicates the flow outside the engine and heat outside the exhaust.
- measured in °C.
Engine Exhaust Gas Temperatures (EGT)
GAS TURBINE
ENGINES
For an aircraft with gas turbine engines,
the pilot must monitor:
Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
exhaust gas temperature
Oil Temperature and Pressure
Fuel Pressure and Temperature
Torque Meter
Tachometer
Engine Oil Pressure
Engine Oil Temperature
have pics, figures, and numbers.
Indicators
Have only numbers.
Gauges
EICAS
Engine Indicating and Crew - Alerting System
ECAM
Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitor
- This is the amount of useful thrust being
developed by the engine. It is the product of the
mass of air passing through the engine and its
velocity at the exhaust nozzle minus the drag due
to the air passing through the engine. - divide the pressure inside the engine.
Engine Pressure Ratio (EPR)
Comparing the air pressure across the engine (i.e.
the exhaust pressure to the compressor inlet
pressure [EPR]) provides an indication of the
(?) output from the engine. EPR is usually
given as a percent thrust value.
thrust
This is normally a percentage of its maximum value.
RPM, N1, N2 or N3
The (?) requires monitoring in order to prevent excessive heat damaging the
turbine.
exhaust gas temperature (EGT)
Monitoring ensures the safe
operation of the engine.
Oil Temperature and Pressure
-Monitoring ensures that a supply of non-cavitated fuel is
at an acceptable pressure and temperature.
-A low fuel pressure warning light may back this up.
Fuel Pressure and Temperature
are lilted to aircraft that sense or measure
pressure and temperature, create a signal,
proportional to that measurement
Devices
In aviation. (?) is measured in pounds per square inch
(psi), inches of mercury (in Hg), millibars (mbar), or
kilopascals (kPa).
pressure
the three most common types of pressure
Absolute Pressure
Gauge Pressure
Differential Pressure
This is the pressure compared to a perfect
vacuum, which is more than this value. It is
given as PSIA or in Hg absolute.
Absolute Pressure
This pressure compares to ambient pressure,
and is given as PSTG.
Gauge Pressure
This is the difference between two different
pressures in an airplane, and is given as PSID.
Differential Pressure
Airplane instruments used to register these
pressures are typically the:
Manifold pressure gauge
Oil pressure gauge
Cabin differential pressure gauge
-this gauge measures absolute pressure
Manifold pressure gauge
-this gauge measures gauge pressure
Oil pressure gauge
- this gauge measures the difference in pressure between the inside and the outside of the airplane, and is calibrated in PSID
Cabin differential pressure gauge
Pressure measurements are required for various
applications such as:
Static air pressure
Fluid pressure
Manifold pressure
Differential pressure
Pressure ratios
Pressures are usually measured by using a
flexible metal chamber (?), which is spring loaded against the
effect of changes in pressure, or a Bourdon tube
aneroid capsule or bellows
-To measure static pressure, the capsule is partially
evacuated and sealed, and is prevented from collapsing
by the action of a spring.
-This type of device is used to measure medium
pressures.
Aneroid Capsule
This device is manufactured from a metal such as
phosphor bronze or beryllium-copper. It is in the
form of a coil and when affected by a change in pressure, extends or contracts.
Bourdon Tube
The Bourdon tube may be used to measure: 3 pressure
oxygen pressure
hydraulic pressure
engine oil pressure
In all of these types of pressure sensors, the
change in pressure acting on them converts into a
mechanical motion by the change in (?) of the
sensor.
shape
The temperatures requiring measurement on an airplane are:
Air temperatures
Gas temperatures
Component temperatures
Fluid temperatures
The variation in the physical properties of a substance is used in
measuring temperature, and any devices used on airplanes to measure temperature are called (?).
Temperature-Measuring Systems
-This system, used to measure temperatures up to 140°F, uses the
property of expansion.
-Different materials expand and contract at different rates when
subjected to the same change in temperature.
-If two thermally dissimilar metals (e.g. iron and brass), are strapped
together and heat is applied, one expands more than the other, and the bi-metallic strip distorts.
Bi-metallic Temperature System
The (?) can be formed into a coil so
that any change in temperature causes the strip
to wind or unwind and produce a rotational
movement.
bi-metallic strip
This system consists of a Bourdon tube gauge,
which measures pressure, a thin walled bulb,
which is at the point of measurement, and a thin
capillary tube to connect them together
Mechanical Bulbs Temperature System
It uses the principle of the increase in vapor
pressure within a confined space to measure
temperature.
Mechanical Bulbs Temperature System
The system is filled with a chemical ,(e.g. Methyl
Chloride), which in its natural state is part liquid
and part gas.
Mechanical Bulbs Temperature System
-The system is sealed, and as the temperature
increases, the pressure changes within the tube,
giving an accurate reading of temperature on the
Bourdon tube gauge.
-This pressure, and on some jet airplanes to
measure the compressor inlet temperature of the
engine.
Mechanical Bulbs Temperature System
This method of measuring temperature requires
electrical power, and is useful for measuring
temperatures up to 300°F. The bridge circuit
consists of three fixed resistors and one variable
resistor.
Wheatstone Bridge System
Wheatstone Bridge System:
The variable resistor is the (?),
and contains a coil of fine nickel wire.
temperature probe
Wheatstone Bridge System:
As the (?) of the coil increases, its
resistance also increases, and current flows in
the bridge.
temperature
This system is used to measure temperatures up
to about 500°F or more, and is the most
commonly used device. Unlike the Wheatstone
bridge, this system does not require an electrical
power source.
Thermocouple Temperature System
Thermocouple Temperature System:
When one junction of two (?) metals is
heated a voltage proportional to the temperature
between the ‘hot’ and ‘cold ‘ junctions occurs, and
current flows in the circuit, with a reading taken
at the cold junction.
‘dissimilar’
Thermocouple Temperature System:
Two commonly used metals are (?), which are both able to withstand high temperatures and produce a useable voltage.
Copper-Constantan and Iron - Constantan
Thermocouple Temperature System:
The actual voltage produced is very low, so this device is not
usually used to measure temperatures below (?)°F.
400°F
Thermocouple Temperature System:
To measure high temperatures up to 1000°F and above a
combination of (?) is used.
Chromel - Alumel
N1
Low Pressure Compressor
N2
High Pressure Compressor
