PowerPoint 1 Flashcards
Movement is ____?
Life
Biomechanics?
-The Physics(mechanics) of motion exhibited or produced by biological systems
-Field of study examining forces acting upon, within, and produced by a body
-Integrates biological characteristics with traditional mechanics
Mechanics?
The branch of Physics specifically concerned with the effect of forces and energy on the motion of bodies
Two branches of physics/mechanics?
Statics and dynamics
Statics?
Branch of Mechanics concerned with objects in a state of equilibrium
-Rest
-Or constant state of motion
Dynamics?
Branch of Mechanics concerned with objects in a state of acceleration or changing motion
Kinetics?
The study of forces that inhibit, cause, facilitate or modify motion in a body
Examples – Friction, Gravity, Pressure
Kinematics?
The study or description of the spatial (direction with respect to a 3D world) or temporal (motion with respect to time) characteristics of motion without regard to causative forces.
Examples
-Displacement ( Distance Traveled in Meters or Degrees)
-Velocity ( Displacement in a given time – M/sec or Deg/sec)
What are the seven disciplines that biomechanics is connected to?
Coaching
Ergonomics
Physical therapy
Occupational therapy
Sports medicine
Adapted movement
Functional anatomy
Three-step process in biomechanics?
Identify Problems
Find Solutions
Bring information to the public
Exercise physiology two definitions?
The study of physiology under conditions of disrupted homeostatis
What is movement caused by in a person?
Contraction of skeletal muscle
What is the link between physiology and biomechanics?
Neuromuscular system
Muscles are a ____ factor that affects ____ values?
kinetic… kinematic
When is the human body best appreciated?
When its systems are challenged
Three sub-areas of motor behavior?
Motor control
Motor development
Motor learning
What does motor mean?
Movement
Motor control?
How the nervous system controls the muscles during complex movements
Motor development?
Progression of motor control throughout the lifespan due to maturation
Motor learning?
Changes in proficiency of motor control through experience and/or practice
What are the two systems for motor control?
Open-loop and closed-loop
Open-loop motor control?
A skill that occurs at a faster rate than feedback can change
Example: a full swing in softball batting
Closed-loop motor control?
A skill that can be changed while in motion as a result of feedback
Example: tracking and catching a fly ball
Feedback comes from the Eyes, Ears, and proprioceptors throughout the body.
Motor control changes across the ____?
Lifespan
What type are primary motor activities at birth?
Not voluntary and reflexive
When does voluntary motion begin?
When nerves and muscles are ready and reflexes are inhibited
Kinetics and kinematics of all skills change with ____ ____?
Motor development
Biomechanical changes evolve because of?
-Changes in body size with growth and regression
-Length of limbs, mass of body segments
-Changes due to maturation of nervous, skeletal, and muscular systems
-Readiness, learning, experience, aging
What is motor learning focused on?
Focuses primarily on neurological aspects of attaining and retaining motor skills.
How is motor learning performed in early stages of life?
Reflex driven learning aka Trial and Error
What does motor proficiency change due to?
Experience/practice
Ergonomics?
A discipline concerned with the interaction of humans and machines and with the factors that influence that interaction
What does ergonomics try to improve?
The human-machine system by “designing-in” a better human-machine interface or “designing-out” factors in the work task or environment that interfere with system performance.
What does ergonomics attempt to improve?
The human-machine system by “designing-in” a better human-machine interface or “designing-out” factors in the work task or environment that interfere with system performance.
Five workplaces to use ergonomics?
Factory
Truck driving
Logistics
Shipping companies
Farmers
Physical therapy?
The field dedicated to preventing, evaluating, and treating movement abnormalities
What can disordered movement be caused by?
Injury
Disease
Muscular imbalance
Congenital conditions
Abnormal motion at one joint is often associated with what?
Abnormal motion at another joint
Sports medicine?
Athletic trainers focus on preventing and immediately treating injuries that occur during sports and on rehabilitating athletes after such injuries
What can biomechanics help an ATC understand?
The mechanism of the injury
What methods can an ATC employ to prevent injury?
Preventing injury may require such methods as bracing and taping, both of which can affect normal human motion
Pedagogy?
The principles and methods of instruction
Includes both teaching and coaching
What must be considered to present information in the most effective way for each student?
Level of proficiency
Type of learner
Type and frequency of feedback
What are objectives of pedagogy?
Encourage learning
Enhance performance
Adapted motion?
Instruction and modifications for clients with cognitive and physical challenges
-Challenges due to loss of sensory function (visual, auditory, tactile, proprioceptive)
-Processing challenges for understanding instructions and selecting effective motor programs (autism, Down Syndrome)
-Challenges in activating coordinated muscular actions (multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, CP, paralysis)
What can modifications include for adapted motion?
Equipment, rules, environment, and instructional strategies
Eight common questions or problems studied by biomechanics?
Toddlers
Astronauts
Osteoporosis
Fall risk
Gait
Cerebral Palsy
Surgeons
Prosthetic limbs
What will learning biomechanics promote?
-Communication skills/ language for professional field
-Foundational principles built upon more in depth in further educational settings
-Problem solving skills for desired profession/career
What must professionals in biomechanics be good at?
Asking question and analyzing movement
What are the two types of questions to ask?
General and specific
