Gait PowerPoint Flashcards
What is walking (4)?
Repeated Sequence
Symmetrical
Forward body motion
with maintained stance stability
What factors influence gait (6)?
Body Structure & function
Shoes
Environment
Mood
Age
Culture/societal practices
What are the two categories and eight phases of the gait cycle?
Stance phase
-Initial contact
-Loading response
-Midstance
-Terminal stance
Swing phase
-Pre swing
-Initial swing
-Mid-swing
Terminal swing
What is gait cycle?
Continuous repetitive pattern of walking or running.
When did gait research gain popularity?
Originally gained popularity/ interest due to gait rehab of WWII vets who needed improvement to LE prosthetics.
What are the two phases of gait by percentage?
Stance- foot is in contact with ground
60% of cycle
Swing- - foot is in the air
40% of cycle
What are the two terminologies for gait?
Ranchos Los Amigos and Traditional terminology
Ranchos Los Amigos phases?
Stance phase
-Initial contact
-Loading Response
-Mid stance
-Terminal Stance
Swing phase
-Pre-Swing
-Initial-Swing
-Mid-Swing
-Terminal Swing
Traditional terminology phases?
Stance phase
-Heal strike
-Flat foot
-Mid stance
-Toe off
Swing phase
-acceleration
-Mid-swing
-Deceleration
What occurs during initial contact (4)?
Instant when foot touches the ground
Typically heel contact, not always
Begins double limp support
Effects the next phase.
What occurs during loading response (3)?
Starts with initial contact, continues until other foot is lifted for swing
Shock absorbed
Weight fully transferred
What occurs during midstance (2)?
Continuation of single support phase
From loading response, as other foot is lifted from ground and continues until the body weight is aligned over the forefoot
What occurs in terminal stance (3)?
Completes single leg support
Begin of heel rise and continuous until after foot strikes the ground.
Body weight moves into forefoot.
What occurs during pre-swing (5)?
Final phase of stance
2nd period of double stance.
Initial contact with opp limb/ ipsilateral toe-off
Rapid weight transfer.
Major objective is to position limb for swing.
What occurs during the initial swing (3)?
Begins with lift of foot off floor.
Ends with the swinging foot opposite the stance foot
Objective: 1. Advance limb forward. 2. Clear foot from floor
What occurs during mid-swing (3)?
Begins when foot swings opposite of stance foot
Ends when limb is forward and tibia vertical.
2 objectives: 1. limb advancement. 2. Foot clearance
What occurs during the terminal swing (5)?
Begins with vertical tibia
Ends with foot strike on floor
Limb advancement complete.
Deceleration of swinging limb
Prep for stance phase
Most of the ground reaction force while walking is in the ____ direction?
Vertical
When pushing ____ into the ground while walking, the ground is pushing ____ into you?
Posterior… anterior
What is ground reaction force in the foot when walking?
Vector summation: single resultant force vector between the foot and the ground
What are the 3 components of ground reaction force during gait?
Vertical
Anterior-posterior
Medial-lateral
What are the 4 spatial/temporal descriptors of gait?
Step length
Stride length
Width of base of support
Walking speed (temporal)
Average walking speed?
AVG Adult Female = 79m/min
Avg Adult Male = 82m/min
What are three temporal descriptors of gait?
Cadence (steps/minute or step rate)
Stride time
Step time
What is cadence?
Cadenceis the number of steps you take during a given period, typically measured per minute (SPM).
What is the average cadence in runners?
Rec runner 160-170 SPM
Elite Athlete 180+ SPM
What are 5 factors that influence running cadence?
Factors that determine your running cadence includeheight, weight, fitness level, leg, and stride length.
Draw divisions of the gait cycle?
Slide 14
What occurs during weight acceptance (4)?
Most demanding task in Gait cycle
Involves the transfer of body weight onto a limb that has just finished swinging forward and has an unstable alignment
Shock absorption
Maintenance of forward body progression
What occurs during single leg support (2)?
One limb support of body weight
Same limb provides trunk stability while body progression continues
What occurs during swing leg advancement (2)?
Requires foot clearance from floor
Limb swings through 3 positions as it travels to its destination in front of the body
What are the three rockers?
Heel rocker
Ankle rocker
Forefoot rocker
What is the heel rocker?
Its function is to translate the vertical component of the ground reaction force into forward progression of the tibia through the link provided by the eccentric action of tibialis anterior.
Lasts from IC to flat foot
What is ankle rocker?
Its function is to control the rate of forward progression of the body as the tibia rotates at the ankle joint over the fixed foot under the eccentric control of the triceps surae.
Lasts from flat foot to heel rise
What is forefoot rocker?
It functions to extend the period of ground contact via the gastrocnemius to exploit the GRF vector’s helpful influence on swing initiation.
Lasts from heel rise to end of stance
What does gait analysis examine?
Examination of hips, knees, ankles, and feet during walking or running on a treadmill.
What is most common to watch in gait analysis and why?
Most watch ankles and feet.
Shoe fitting
When would slow motion and freeze frames be used in gait analysis?
When looking at elite runners
Why do gait a analysis?
INJURIES and ABNORMALITIES
Injuries associated with poor gait biomechanics?
Shin Splints
Plantar Fascitis
IT band syndrome (runners Knee)
Patellar tendonitis
Patello-femoral pain
Achilles tendonitis
Low back pain
What are five categories to look at when analyzing gait?
Foot
Ankle
Knee
Hip
General
Gait analysis foot (2)?
Overpronation, Oversupination
High Arches, Low Arches
Gait analysis ankle?
Limited DF
Gait analysis knee?
Increased Q angle?
Gait analysis hip?
Pelvic tilt- anterior, posterior, lateral
Gait analysis general?
Loss of ROM in joints
Muscle weaknesses
Muscle Imbalances
Leg length discrepancies
A typical Q angle is ____ degrees for men and ____ degrees for women?
Women less than ____ degrees
Men less than ____ degrees
A typical Q angle is 12 degrees for men and 17 degrees for women
Women less than 22 degrees
Men less than 18 degrees
What to look for during a neuro exam?
Watch patient walk.
Walking gives info on Strength, Sensation, Coordination and integrated functions
Antalgic gait?
Shortened stance phase of Gait relative to swing phase
Good indicator of pain with weight bearing
Festinant gait?
Small Shuffling steps and generally slow movement
Typically associated with Parkinson’s disease
Trendelenburg gait?
weakness of Glute medius and minimus
Pelvis tilts down to opposite side.
Pimp Limp
Magnetic gait?
feet seem attached to the floor like a magnet
Myopathic gait?
Waddling gait
Weakness of proximal muscles of pelvic girdle
Patient uses circumduction for compensating gluteal weakness
Pregnancy
Congenital Dislocation of Hip
Potential causes for high stepping gait?
Deep peroneal nerve injury
Loss of DF
-Polio
-MS
-Guillain Barre syndrome
-Peroneal Nerve inj.
What is scissor gait?
Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Rigidity and excessive adduction of legs in swing phase
PF of Ankle
Flexion of Knee
Add and In Rot of Hip
Progressive contractures of all muscles
Assisting movements of the upper limb shows complications.
How long does kicking a ball take?
.5 seconds
5 Phases of kicking?
Plant foot placment
Swing phase
Hip flex/knee extend
Impact phase
Follow through
5 Phases of kicking?
Plant foot placement
Swing phase
Hip flex/knee extend
Impact phase
Follow through
Review the kicking of a ball?
Slides 26-28
What does intensity of a kick depend on?
Distance and accuracy
When is the motor skill of kicking learned?
4-6
When is the the motor skill of kicking fully developed?
9
What are five phases of kicking?
Preparation
Back swing
Leg cocking
Acceleration
Follow through
Kicking 101 phases?
Plant foot placement
Swing phase
Hip flex/knee extensions/acceleration
Impact phase
follow through
Plant foot placement?
Direct correlation to direction ball will travel.
Ideal place is perpendicular to center line of the ball.
Swing phase?
Goal to achieve max elastic energy storing to transfer force into ball.
Max eccentric activity in knee extensors.
Hip flex/ knee ext. (Acceleration)?
Speed of kick is governed by Hip rot torque. Hip flexor strength and Quad strength.
Impact phase?
6-16milliseconds
Middle of foot, Locked ankle
Hip and knee slightly flexed, foot is moving upward and forwards.
Follow-through?
Keep foot in contact with the ball longer
Guard against injury
Body slows down forces with hamstrings eccentrically.
