powerplant Flashcards
what powers majority of the aircraft
turbine engines
who developed the first “jet engine”
Hero, Egyptian scientist and mathematician from Alexandria
when was the first “jet engine” developed
150 BC
what was the name of the basic engine made by hero
aeolipile
what consisted of the aeolipile
boiler, two hollow bent tubes mounted to a sphere, and the sphere
what was first known as the first “steam engine”
heron’s aeolipile
when was newton’s three laws of motion announced
1687
what is the first law of motion
an object at rest will stay at rest and an object at motion will stay in motion unless acted upon an external force
what is the second law of motion
force is equal to mass times acceleration
what is the third law of motion
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
what did newton invent but didn’t work
steam wagon
how did the newton propelled the wagon?
generating steam in a boiler on the wagon
who made and when was the first patent gas turbine engine made?
1791 John Barber
when did the design production for the gas turbine engine made a full swing in america
early 1900s
pioneer in the development of a turbo supercharger that was used in WWI
Sanford A. Moss
who was credited to have the first flying test and when
Frank Whittle 1941
what was the first flying test aircraft
Gloster E28/29
discovered the principal that defines the action of air through a turbine engine and more
Bernoulli
Bernoulli’s theory
- Fluid is incompressible and not viscous
- There is no energy loss from the air and the wall of the pipe/orifice
- There is no heat energy transferred across the boundaries of the pipe to the fluid as either a heat gain or loss
- There are no pumps in the section of pipe under consideration
parts of gas turbine engine
- an air inlet
- compressor section
- combustion section
- turbine section
- exhaust section
- accessory section
- systems necessary for starting, lubrication, fuel supply, and auxilary purposes such as anti-icing, cooling, and pressurization
three types of compressors
centrifugal flow, axial flow, and centrifugal-axial flow
compression of inlet air is achieved by accelerating air outward perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the machine
centrifugal flow
compresses air by a series of rotating and stationary airfoils moving the air parallel to the longitudinal axis
axial-flow engine
uses both axial and centrifugal flow to achieve the desired compression
centrifugal-axial flow
four types of engine
turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, and turboshaft
used to describe any gas turbine engine used in aircraft
turbojet
first developed in Germany and England prior to WWII and is the simplest of all jet engines
turbojet engine
has problems with noise and fuel consumption in the speed range that airlines fly. limited on range and endurance and mostly used in military aviation
turbojet
four sections of turbojet engine
compressor, combustion chamber, turbine section, and exhaust
passes inlet air at a high rate of speed to the combustion chamber
compressor section
contains the fuel inlet and igniter for combustion
combustion chamber
expanding air drives this, which is connected by a shaft to the compressor, sustaining engine operation
turbine
the accelerated exhaust gases from the engine provide
thrust
basic application of compressing air
igniting the fuel-air mixture, producing power to self-sustain the engine operation, and exhaust for propulsion
advantages of turbojet engine
- relatively simple design
- capable of very high speeds
- takes up little space
disadvantages of turbojet engine
- high fuel consumption
- loud
- poor performance at slow speeds
- limited in range and endurance
when and who designed the first turboprop engine
between 1939 and 1942 by Gyorgy Jendrassik
when did the first turboprop engine first flew and who made it
September 20, 1945 by Rolls Royce
turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller
turboprop
efficient at lower flight speeds, burning less fuel and requiring significantly less runway for takeoff and landing
turboprop equipped aircraft
airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service
air transport regional
advantages of turboprop
- Very fuel efficient
- Most efficient at mid-range speed between
250-400 knots (Mach 0.2-0.4 or 200-400+kph) - Most efficient at mid-range altitudes of
18,000-30,000 feet
disadvantages of turboprop engine
- Limited forward airspeed
- Gearing systems are heavy and can break down
engine in a for of gas turbine that is optimized to produce shaft power rather than jet thrust
turboshaft engine
made to transfer horsepower to a shaft that turns a helicopter transmission
turboshaft
advantages of turboshaft engine
- Much higher power-to-weight ratio than
piston engines - Typically smaller than piston engines
disadvantages of turboshaft engine
- loud
- gear systems connected to the shaft can be complex and break down
primary difference between helicopter and airplane
the way that the mechanics are designed to generate lift.
use their rapidly spinning rotors to create the momentum required to lift the aircraft.
helicopters
cold section of gas turbine engine consists of
air inlet duct and compressor
part of the aircraft that brings air into the propulsion system.
inlet
affects the performance of the propulsion system.
inlet design
draws air into the engine, pressurizes it, and feeds it to the combustion chamber at speeds of hundreds of miles per hour.
compressor
hot section of the gas turbine engine consists of
combustor, turbine, and exhaust
fuel is combined with high pressure
air and burned here
combustor
other word for combustor
burn
used to turn the power turbine and produce thrust when passed through a nozzle.
resulting high temperature exhaust gas
transforms a portion of the kinetic (velocity) energy of the exhaust gases into mechanical energy to drive the gas generator compressor and accessories.
turbine
located directly behind the turbine section and ends when the gases are ejected at the rear in the form of a high-velocity exhaust gases.
exhaust section
