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Common Human Diseases > Power Points > Flashcards

Power Points Flashcards

1
Q

Symptomatics

A

things we can see

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2
Q

Asymptomatics

A

things we can not see

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3
Q

Diseases

A

Impairment of normal state (homeostasis) of the living animal or plant body or component thereof

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4
Q

What is the leading killer of humans?

A

mosquitos

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5
Q

Who is the father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates

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6
Q

What are the four humors of life?

A

blood
phlegm
yellow bile
black bile

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7
Q

Most common way ancient people treated disease?

A

Blood letting

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8
Q

Which civilization began to take public health measures?

A

Rome

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9
Q

The Renaissance brought what idea to replace the humoral theory?

A

contagion

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10
Q

Who came up with the idea of vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner

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11
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

pasteurization

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12
Q

Koch’s postulates for linking agent to a disease

A
  1. organism must be present in a disease
  2. can be grow in culture
  3. cause disease when injected into a healthy animal
  4. Can be recovered from newly diseased animal
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13
Q

Joseph Lister

A

use of antiseptic procedures

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14
Q

What is the current disease causation theory?

A

multiple causation

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15
Q

Epidemiology

A

observation of occurrence of disease in populations

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16
Q

Hyperferritinema

A

too much iron in the blood (blood letting is treatment)

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17
Q

Morbidity

A

a diseased state or symptom

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18
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A

infections contracted from hospital stays

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19
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

goes from the specific to the general

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20
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

reasoning which constructs or evaluates deductive arguments. Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion necessarily follows from a set of premises

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21
Q

Antibiotic

A

resistance threat

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22
Q

CDC

A

The U.S. Government’s lead public health agency

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23
Q

-itis

A

swelling

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24
Q

-iasis

A

infested with

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25
Q

-ology

A

the study of

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26
Q

Epidemiology

A

is the study of the determinants, occurrence, and distribution of health and disease in a defined population

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27
Q

Infection

A

the movement into and replication of organisms in host tissue(s), which may (or may not!) cause disease

28
Q

Carrier

A

an individual with no overt disease who harbors infectious organisms

29
Q

Dissemination

A

the spread of the organism in the environment

30
Q

Chain of Infection

A
  1. etiologic agent
  2. the method of transmission in the environment (by contact, by a common vehicle, or via air or a vector)
  3. host
31
Q

Disease Reservoirs

A

the place in nature (if known, an organism or even a tissue within an organism) where a disease NORMALLY LIVES or is found in significant numbers

32
Q

Zoonose Reservoirs

A

Diseases “reserved” in animals

33
Q

Inanimate Reservoirs

A

secondary or accidental reservoirs (doorknob)

34
Q

Disease Transmission

A
  1. Direct contact (from person-to-person or reservoir-to-person)
  2. Fomites/Indirect Contact (spread from an inanimate object called a fomite)
  3. Vectors (spread by arthropods)
  4. Carriers (can be chronic or Transient)
35
Q

Leukocytes

A

(white blood cells) specific to the innate immune system

36
Q

Phagocytosis

A

type of leukocyte; process by which leukocytes ingest microorganisms

37
Q

Neutrophils

A

type of leukocyte; ingest microbes then die, many dead ones form pus

38
Q

Macrophages

A

type of leukocyte; can kill many microbes, can detect and destroy rouge cancer cells

39
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

type of leukocyte; Identify infected cells by presence of MHC1, bind with infected cells and excrete enzymes to destroy its membrane

40
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

type of leukocyte; consume pathogens and relay information about them to spleen or liver (connects innate and adaptive immune systems)

41
Q

Antibodies

A

Y-shaped protein used to identify and neutralize antigens

42
Q

B-cells

A

ells that produces antibodies and mature in the bone marrow

43
Q

T-cells

A

produces antibodies

44
Q

Humoral Response

A

antibody mediated response

45
Q

Cell-Mediated Response

A

does not involve antibodies, but rather involves the activation of phagocytes

46
Q

How are pathogens remembered/recognized?

A
  1. Dendritic Cell Communication
  2. B-Cells and T-Cells activated
  3. Antibodies travel through bloodstream
  4. Antibodies bind to antigens
  5. Gather information and Somatic Hypermutation
  6. Become Memory B and T Cells
47
Q

Active Immunization

A

primary or secondary immune response

48
Q

Passive Immunization

A

protection by a mother during pregnancy

49
Q

What are the 7 NTDs hilighted in the END7 campaign?

A
  1. Whipworm
  2. Hookworm
  3. Roundworm
  4. Elephantiasis
  5. River Blindness
  6. Snail Fever
  7. Trachoma
50
Q

What disease are ballet dancers likely to get due to their lack of exposure to the sun (and therefore lack of Vitamin D)?

51
Q

Six stages of diseases

A
  1. Incubation
  2. Prodrome
  3. Clinical
  4. Decline
  5. Convalescent
52
Q

Normal Flora

A

Microorganisms that normally reside at a given site and under normal circumstances do not cause disease (bacteria in your stomach)

53
Q

Microbial Antagonism

A

belief that normal flora benefit a host by preventing overgrowth of more harmful bacteria

54
Q

Symbiosis

A

close relationship between two organisms

55
Q

Commensalism

A

a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

56
Q

Mutualism

A

a relationship in which both organisms benefits

57
Q

Parasitism

A

a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed

58
Q

Opportunism

A

organisms don’t cause disease unless appropriate condition exists

59
Q

Edema

A

a fluid collection under the skin

60
Q

Inflammation

A

reaction to injury

61
Q

Four steps in the process of inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation- leads to greater blood flow to the area, causing redness and heat
  2. Vascular permeability- cells lining the vessels become “leaky” either from cell injury or chemical mediators
  3. Exudation- fluid, proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells escape from the intravascular space
  4. Vascular Stasis- slowing of blood in the bloodstream to allow chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to stimulus
62
Q

Acute Inflammation

A

marked by an increase in inflammatory cells

63
Q

Watch these on Wednesday night

A

https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/inflammatory-response
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/types-of-immune-responses-innate-and-adaptive-humoral-vs-cell-mediated
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/how-white-blood-cells-move-around
https: //www.khanacademy.org/science/health-and-medicine/human-anatomy-and-physiology/introduction-to-immunology/v/role-of-phagocytes-in-innate-or-nonspecific-immunity

64
Q

Chemokines

A

chemical signals that are responsible for attracting white blood cells to infection

65
Q

Two main cells of the adaptive immune system

A

(lymphocytes)T cells and B cells

66
Q

Antigen

A

foreign material that could potentially cause disease

67
Q

What cells produce antibodies?

A

B Cells (but only after they are activated by T cells

Common Human Diseases (5 decks)

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