Book Material Ch. 2 Flashcards
According to the oldest theory of causation what was responsible for disease causation
evil spirits
who introduced the theory of contagion
Hippocrates
what is the theory of multiple causation
explains disease causation in both infectious and noninfectious diseases
Endemic
constant presence of a disease in a population (heart disease)
Epidemic
outbreak of a specific disease in excess of what would be normally expected
Pandemic
an epidemic widespread over a country, continent, or worldwide
Prevalence rate
number of cases of a particular disease in a given community at a specific time
Incidence rate
number of NEW cases occurring at a specific time
What are the 3 levels of prevention
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary
Primary Prevention
refers to measures taken before the disease occurs to reduce susceptibility
Secondary Prevention
measures taken to diagnose disease which are already present
Tertiary Prevention
all measures to return a person to a normal state of health or to keep a person alive
Whether a person gets a disease depends on 3 factors…
the disease agent, the host, and the environment
Viruses
smallest of disease-causing organisms
Prions
infectious agents made of proteins which cause neurodegenerative diseases
Bacteria
single-celled organisms which are abundant in our environment
Rickettsiae
small bacteria which are always transported by insects
Fungi
plantlike organisms which are constantly present in the air
Protozoa
microscopic parasitic animals which release toxins or enzymes which destroy cells or interfere with their functions
Metazoa
multicellular parasitic animals (worms) that can infest any compartment in the body and travel across various tissue barriers from organ to organ
Psychosomatic
disease or disorder influenced or caused by a person’s mind
Categories of environmental factors of disease…
biological, physical, and social
NTD
neglected tropical disease
Reservoir
where a disease NORMALLY LIVES or is found in significant numbers
Zoonose Reservoir
Diseases “reserved” in animals (rabies)
Mode of Transmission
how disease is spread between hosts
Vectors
infectious agent are spread by an arthropod, (mosquitos)
Carriers
are humans or other animals in which the infectious agent is growing and reproducing with little or no visible harm to the current host
Chronic Carriers
Organisms that usually have had the disease but from whom the infectious agent has not been completely purged or a virulent pathogen for one species may be a harmless component of the natural flora of another species
Transient Carriers
organisms that are COMING-DOWN with a disease, but who haven’t shown identifiable symptoms (e.g. Hepatitis A) and those who are RECOVERING from the disease, but who are feeling well enough to roam free in the world once again and transmit infection
Etiology
the cause of the disease
Spongeform Encephalophy
condition of the brain caused by Kuru that makes the brain look like a sponge
Urticaria
another name for hives
Rheumatoid Arthritis
a chronic systematic inflammatory disease that primarily attacks peripheral joints and surrounding muscles, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels
Lupus Erythematosus
chronic inflammatory disorder of the connective tissues (causes the nasty face and body scars)
Tuberculosis
an upper respiratory infection which is very deadly
Salmonellosis (Salmonella)
most common food borne epidemic in the US
Typhoid
caused by salmonella typhi
Syphilis
STD which can be cured with penicillin
