Power and Politics [Global Health and Governance] Flashcards
What branch of a broader ethical principle does utilitarianism come from?
consequentialism
What are the 4 pillars of ethics? Who founded them and when?
What does consequentialism argue?
that the ethical validity of an action is based on the outcome of that action
What does utilitarianism focus on maximising?
human welfare / well-being
“the most happiness and the least unhappiness for the largest number of people”
What branch of ethics does the phrase “the greatest good for the greatest number” fall into?
utilitarianism
“the most happiness and the least unhappiness for the largest number of people”
How is this idea termed?
“hedonic calculus”
What are the 2 most important programmes that protect against infectious disease?
- WASH
- Vaccination
What is distributive justice?
Distributive justice concerns the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a communit
What thought experiment did John Rawls propose that argued for distributive justice?
The “Veil of Ignorance”
What is the idea of social justice in one sentence?
the idea that everyone should have their fair chance.
What is Politics (with a big P)?
relates to political parties and the philosophy of government
It’s driven by politicians – typically-elected, decision-makers who take countries forward.
What is politics (with a small P)?
that process of us gaining or applying power in our local group or organisation
What is ‘left-wing’ traditionally associated with? What do we call people who are left-leaning?
challenging the status quo
liberal
What is ‘right-wing’ traditionally associated with? What do we call people who are right-leaning?
loyal to tradition and the current situation
conservative
What are you called if you are neither left-leaning nor right-leaning on a single-axis approach to political ideology?
centrist
Describe the 2-axis approach to political ideology.
What did John Stuart believe in regard to libertarianism? How does that relate to today’s economic/politic situation?
He believed that the state should not interfere in individual autonomy.
He would only countenance government interference if someone else is coming to harm.
- being comfortable with free markets and capitalism
- belief that people make their own choices for good (or for ill).
What did Marx and Lenin believe in regard to collectivism?
more egalitarian states of affairs
–where people are yielded equal opportunities and where wealth is re-distributed partially by progressive taxation, or wholly by state action on salaries or company profits.
“The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.”
What is this quote also known as?
The Harm Principle
(written by John Stuart Mill 1806-73, in On Liberty)
What is this figure known as?
The Intervention Ladder from the Nuffield Council on Bioethics
What is a stakeholder?
An individual or organisation that has an interest in what you’re doing.
What are ‘partners’ in the context of stakeholders?
a specific subgroup who are central to the success of whatever it is you are trying to achieve
What do you need to know about your stakeholders in order to bring about change? (3)
- who they are; go-to person
- do they support you?
- what can they do for you?
Define power.
The ability to exercise one’s will over others.
Define authority.
The ability to influence people and outcomes.
It’s about being listened to.
What are coalitions?
A group of stakeholders who work together for a shared goal.
What is the term used to describe the step-by-step gradual change in the context of policy or organisations?
incremental change
What determines the pace of change?
the pace of the slowest decision maker
What is meant to be the opposite of incremental change?
transformative change
- fast-paced; deep-routed
What is groupthink?
the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group, resulting typically in unchallenged, poor-quality decision-making.
What factors are essential to avoid groupthink?
diversity
challenge
Whare some key aspects of achieving change?
Collaboration
Compromise
Advocacy
What is the fiduciary duty?
When someone has a fiduciary duty to someone else, the person with the duty must act in a way that will benefit someone else financially.
The person who has a fiduciary duty is called the fiduciary, and the person to whom the duty is owed is called the principal or the beneficiary.
What does UI stand for?
What does it mean?
useful idiot
In political jargon, a useful idiot is a term currently used to reference a person perceived as propagandizing for a cause—particularly a bad cause originating from a devious, ruthless source—without fully comprehending the cause’s goals, and who is cynically being used by the cause’s leaders.
What is the difference between a wicked and tame problem?
Tame problem:
a problem that you can find a solution to
- they require a plan
Wicked problem:
a problem that is difficult to find a solution to / can’t find a solution
- you have a problem, you bring a solution, you have more problems
- the problem adapts to the ‘solutions’
- they require a strategy
What is MECE? What does it mean?
Every point on the list must be mutually exclusive — there should be no overlaps and every item must be independent of each other.
Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive
How does stakeholder analysis work?
- establish stakeholders
- rate power (high, moderate, low)
- rate interest
- determine support (against, neutral, for)
How can we put our stakeholders on a x/y graph / map?
power y-axis
interest x-axis
How should we manage stakeholders in the 4 quadrants of a graphical presentation of stakeholder power, interest and support?
VERY USEFUL, go over
What does SWOT stand for?
What is it?
What are two other AKAs?
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats
a strategic planning and strategic management technique used to help a person or organization identify Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats related to business competition or project planning.
AKA: situational assessment ; situational analysis.
