Global Health [Global Health and Governance] Flashcards
What is ‘maternal death’ defined as?
the death of a woman:
- while pregnant or <42 days of termination of pregnancy
- from any cause by the pregnancy or its management
(but not from accidental or incidental causes)
What is Maternal Mortality Ratio (equation)?
Maternal mortality ratio = (Number of maternal deaths / Number of live births) x 100,000
What numbers classify Maternal Mortality Ratio as:
1. very low
2. low
3. high
4. very high
5. extremely high
- very low (<100)
- low (100-299)
- high (300-499)
- very high (500-999)
- extremely high (>1000)
What aspects of global health is MMR an important indicator of?
- human and social progress
- country’s development
- healthcare in the country (how accessible, responsive + effective a healthy system is)
- how politically invested a country is in achieving equal health outcomes for men and women
What is HDI? What does it indicate? How is it scored?
Human Development Index
an approach used by the United Nations to quantify development
a composite continuous value between 0.001 and 0.999
(higher, more developed)
What 3 measures of development does the HDI comprise of, and what are they based on?
Knowledge: Based on education and literacy
Healthy life: Based around life expectancy
Standard of living: Based on income adjusted for local circumstances (purchasing power parity, PPP)
What does HIC and LMIC stand for respectively?
HIC (high-income country)
LMIC (low- and middle-income countries)
What is GNI and what are the 4 divisions/groups of it?
Gross National Income per Capita
Lower income
Lower middle income
Upper middle income
High income
What does Global South mean?
This term is commonly used and generally accepted to denote countries where:
- income tends to be low and economies are recently industrialising
Where did the term “third world” originally come from?
In the era of the Cold War, countries that were aligned with NATO were deemed first world. Countries aligned with the USSR were considered second world. ‘Third word’ was originally intended to denote non-aligned national state actors.
What was the term ‘less economically developed countries’ used to describe before the World Bank removed this term from routine use?
A term that has been vaguely used to categorise countries on then basis of their gross national income (GNI).
What does ‘emerging markets’ mean?
An economic term suggesting that a country is about to engage with global markets.
This term remains commonly used in business with pharmaceutical companies often using it to describe multiple countries where business opportunities are anticipated.
What does WASH stand for in the context of global health? Explain each of the constituents further.
WAter: Safe water for drinking, washing and domestic activities
Sanitisation: Safe removal of waste (including toilets and waste disposal), and
Hygiene: A range of so-called health promotion activities that encourage protective healthy behaviour practices
What percentage of the world’s population lack access to safely managed water?
30%
What percentage of the world’s population lack access to effective sanitisation?
60%
Name some globally prevalent WASH-related diseases
Diarrhea
Malaria
Schistosomiasis
Trachoma
Intestinal helminths
Japanese encephalitis
Hepatitis A
In what year did the United Nations declared safe drinking water and sanitation a Human Right?
2010
What are the 4 requirements for water to be deemed safe and accessible under the UN?
What are the 5 groups of water-related infectious diseases?
- Water-borne
- Water-washed
- Water-based
- Water-related insect vector
- Diseases caused by poor sanitation
What are water-borne diseases? Give some examples.
diseases spread when people drink contaminated water or eat food prepared with contaminated water
- cholera
- diarrhoeal disease
What are water-washed diseases? Give some examples.
diseases caused by poor personal hygiene
- scabies
- trachoma
What are water-based diseases? Give some examples.
diseases transmitted by aquatic organisms
- schistosomiasis
- guinea worm
What are water-related insect vector diseases? Give some examples.
diseases spread by insects
- malaria
- river blindness
Give some examples of diseases caused by poor sanitation.
- hookworm
What does SDG stand for and what are they?
Sustainable Development Goals
a package of 17 goals that were launched in 2015 by the United Nations that span the full range of human development
they were designed to be achieved within 15 years (2030)
What were MDGs and what are SDGs and how do they differ?
Millennium Development Goals
sought to focus on LMIC contexts before SDGs were introduced
SDGs are universal and are arguably as relevant for high-income countries as they are for everywhere else
Which document outlines the role of the World Health Organisation?
International Health Regulations (IHR)
What three elements constitute “One Health”?
- Human health
- Animal health
- Environmental health
to prevent the exploitation of personal good at the expense of society
Where are the majority of antibiotics used?
Livestock agriculture
What is antibacterial resistance?
Selection pressure that allows resistant bacteria to proliferate
define antimicrobial resitance
antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals and
What is the economic analogy that describes how people degrade a common good for personal consumption, in spite of the consequent overall societal loss?
“Tragedy of the commons”
What terms does the World Bank use to classify countries?
LMIC and HIC
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
Communicable diseases can de transmitted from person to person.
Who developed the cholera map?
John Snow
Is safe drinking water and sanitation a human right?
Yes
How many Sustainable Development Goals are there?
17
What is antimicrobial resistance?
- where antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics become less effective over time as pathogens evolve
