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power and performance Flashcards

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1
Q

what is energy?

A
  • The Capacity for Work (W)
    – A dynamic state related to change
    – Its presence emerges when a change occurs
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2
Q

what is the SI unit for energy?

A

Joule (J) = Nm = Ws

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3
Q

what is the old unit for energy?

A

Old unit: calorie (cal)

Energy required to heat 1 g of water by 1 0C1 cal = 4.184J

J and cal are used to describe energy contents of foods In technology the J derived unit Wh or kWh is often used

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4
Q

what is power?

A

Power (P) is the rate at which work is performed or energy is transmitted

P = w/s

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5
Q

what is power used for?

A

Power is used to describe performance of machines:

Cars (horse power) (~0.736 kW)Heaters (kW)Bulbs (W)but also to define workloads during fitness tests

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6
Q

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

A
  • Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but is transformed from one form to another without being depleted.
  • Conservation of energy
  • Illustrated as body transforms energy in food to heat, mechanical, and chemical energy
  • Sometimes it appears as if energy is destroyed, it isn’t:– Just the ‘quality’ changes– The energy is ‘diluted’– Energy can lose it ability to ‘do’ work
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

what is kinetic energy?

A

Kinetic energy– Harnessing of potential energy

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9
Q

what is potential energy?

A

energy bound in a specific form

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10
Q

what are the forms of energy?

A
  • Chemical
  • combustions
  • batteries, fuel cells
  • Mechanical
  • moving/turning masses
    – Heat
    – Light
    – Electric
    – Nuclear
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11
Q

what is the energy-releasing process?

A

exergonic - release energy into surroundings

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12
Q

what is energy conserving process?

A

endergonic - store or absorb energy

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13
Q

what is a coupled reaction?

A

when exergonic drives endergonic

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14
Q

what is mechanical work in humans? (biologics)

A

Muscle contraction
Cell division

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15
Q

what is chemical work in humans? (biologics)

A

Synthesis of molecules

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16
Q

what is transport work in humans (biologics)

A

diffusion
active transport

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17
Q

what is electric work in human biologics?

A

transport of charged particles
Action potentials in nerves and muscles

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18
Q

what is the mode of action of enzymes?

A

*Mode of action

  • Lock and key mechanism
  • Enzyme-substrate complex
  • Enzymes allow:
  • lower temperatures
  • neutral pH
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19
Q

what is involved in hydrolysis reactions?

A
  • Catabolize complex organic molecules
  • Split chemical bonds by adding H+ and OH−
  • Digestion
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20
Q

what is oxidation?

A
  • Oxidation – loss of electrons
  • Transfer of:
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
  • Electrons
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21
Q

what is reduction?

A

gain of electrons

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22
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

Oxidation and reduction are coupled

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23
Q

what supplies the body with energy?

A

nutrients: fuel for the body

There are different nutrients used to produce energy for the metabolism:
- Carbohydrates: 16 kJ/g
- Fat: 37 kJ/g
- Protein: 17 kJ/g
- Nutrients: Fuels for the body

Carbohydrates (CHO) can be metabolized under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Proteins and fat require oxygen to be metabolised

24
Q

how does the body store energy?

A
  • The body gains ‘energy sources’ by the all day dietary uptake…but the body even stores energy for times of starvation
  • order of energy storage:
  • Fat 79%
  • Protein 20%
  • Carbohydrates 1%
  • Most of the energy used comes from CHO
25
Q

what is cellular oxidation

A

Cellular oxidation and reduction constitutes the biochemical mechanism that underlies energy metabolism

26
Q

how does energy transfer work in terms of cellular oxidation?

A

Metabolic energy is generated by oxidizing different nutrients

Oxidation reactions known to everybody are combustions

This formula describes the overall reaction when the body ‘burns’ Glucose by aerobic glycolysis

27
Q

what are the two metabolic energy currencies?

A

NADH and ATP

28
Q

how is energy released in cells and what happens to said energy afterwards?

A
  • In the cell the energy is released in many single portions
  • Controlled enzymatic reactions are used to convert and transfer the chemical energy of the oxidation to make it utilizable for the metabolism
29
Q

how does electron transport work?

A
  • Cellular redox reactions underlie energy metabolism.
  • NAD and FAD oxidized food.
  • Carrier molecules transport electrons.
  • Electrons are passed to special ‘redox complexes’.
  • Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor.
  • ATP is synthesized.
30
Q

what is electron transfer?

A

Reduction equivalents are the ‘second energy currency of the cell

They are used to transport electrons (e-) from the nutrient to the final oxidizing agents (in human O2)

The most important reduction equivalents are:
NAD <–> (+2e) NADH + H(+)
FAD <–> (+2e) FADH(2)

31
Q

how does oxidative phosphorylation work?

A

Synthesizes ATP by transferring electrons from NADH and FADH(2) to oxygen

32
Q

what is the catabolic metabolism?

A

Catabolic metabolism is the break down or oxidation of nutrients
- it releases energy
- it produces intermediates that are useful for the metabolism

33
Q

what is the anabolic metabolism?

A

Anabolic metabolism produces or synthesises new components or substances i.e. enzymes, fat, hormones…
- This consumes energy
- It requires different precursors

34
Q

what energy is used in the anabolic system?

A

Energy of the catabolic metabolism is used for the anabolic metabolism

35
Q

what is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate: The energy currency
    – Powers all of cell’s energy-requiring processes
    – Potential energy extracted from food
    – Energy is stored in bonds of ATP
    – Energy is transferred to do work
36
Q

how do we harness ATP’s potential energy?

A
  • ATP is hydrolysed by water
    – Outermost phosphate is released
    – Catalyzed by the enzyme ATPase
    – Energy is released ~ 30.5 kJ/mol (7.3 kCal/mol)
  • Limited currency
    – Low ATP levels in cells create sensitivity to ATP/ADP
37
Q

what are examples of transport work?

A
  • Transport of vesicles
  • Transport of Ions
  • Transport of metabolites
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
38
Q

what is electrical work in the human body?

A

-Maintenance of membrane potentials
- Conduction of neural signals
- Excitation of muscles or heart

39
Q
A
40
Q

how does heat production work?

A

Every energy conversion produces heat as a by-product

DE = W + Q

‘Waste’ heat can be quite substantial

41
Q

what do all exergonic reactions in the body produce?

A

All exergonic reactions in the body produce ‘waste’ heat:
* oxidation of nutrients
* hydrolysis
- of phosphate bonds (ATP)
* high heat production in working muscle

42
Q

what are the factors that determine what energy system is used?

A

Supply velocity
fuel availability
oxygen supply

43
Q

how does phosphocreatine work?

A
  • The working skeletal muscle has a very high ATP turn over
  • ATP reserves are too limited
  • fast regeneration of ATP from Creatine phosphate and ADP in situations with an exceeding ATP demand
  • Catalysed by the enzyme, creatine kinase* ADP is phosphorylated to ATP
  • Creatine is phosphorylated back to PCr during rest
  • Cells store ~ 4 – 6 times more PCr than ATP
44
Q

what are the main energy systems in the body?

A

Glycolysis
TCA- or Krebs-Cycle
Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

The systems are not isolated, they work together and parallel to each other

45
Q

why is pyruvate converted into lactate?

A
  • Glycolysis is an oxidation
  • Oxidations need an electron acceptor
  • During aerobic metabolism the final electron acceptor is O2
  • Without O2 the electron carrier NAD+ is recovered by a reduction of Pyruvate
46
Q

what are the two major components of oxygen delivery?

A
  • Alactacid oxygen debt (fast component) the portion of oxygen required toto synthesise and restore muscle phosphagen stores (ATP and CrP)
  • Lactacid oxygen debt (slow component)the portion of oxygen required to remove lactic acid from the muscle cells and blood
47
Q

what does the citric acid cycle do?

A
  • Continues oxidation of:
    – Carbohydrates following glycolysis
    – Fatty acids following beta oxidation
    – Some amino acids following deamination
48
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Uses the energy from generated by the electron transport chain to produce ATPADP + Pi ->ATP

NADH releases enough energy to produce 3 ATP

FADH(2) for 2 ATP

49
Q

what are the two fat storage components?

A

– Triacylglycerol in fat cells (adipocytes)
– Intramuscular triacylglycerol

50
Q

what is force?

A

a force is whatever can cause an object with mass to accelerate

unit: N = newton

51
Q

what are the different types of forces?

A

gravitational, electric, magnetic and mechanic.

52
Q

what is acceleration?

A

Forces (gravitation, magnetic, mechanic) cause ‘changes of velocity’ of masses‘

Changes of velocity’ are acceleration

acceleration can be positive or negative

53
Q

what is velocity?

A

the speed of a mass.

Forces are required to change velocity

this is measured in:
m/s
km/h
mph

54
Q

what is the force humans have to work against the most?

A

g-force is the main force we have to work against…

moving or lifting weights,
kicking or throwing balls
moving our body
Keeping our body upright (posture)

55
Q

what is torque?

A

ability of a force to rotate an object around some axis.The magnitude of a torque is defined as the product of a force and a distance.

Sports Science (2 decks)

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