Power And Influence

Question 1

Def of power Robert Dahl

Answer 1

A has the power over B to thé extent that they Can gets B to do smtg that B would otherwise not do

Question 2

Def of power Parietti

Answer 2

Dahl’s def+ all thé variations (bcs contested notion) are all designed to study certain form of power: def has to bé in a context

Question 3

7 aspects ti distinguish btwn def

Answer 3

Relation of influence
Intentionality
Ability or actions
Observable or latent
Relational or in structures
Necessity of effectiveness
Needing to change behaviour or also ideas

Question 4

Explain relation to influence

Answer 4

Is influence power?
Some Say yes (for ex Wrong): authority and persuasion are still forms of power so influence=form of power

Some Say no: power= thé ability to change others based won PRESUMED capabilities

Question 5

Intentionality

Answer 5

Does power have to bé intentional?
Yes: power is intentional, what is not intentional is influence : power=” thé capacity to producer intended and foreseen effects on others” (Wrong) so power =/ accidental or coincidental

No: it Can bé accidental

Question 6

Ability/ act

Answer 6

Can one possess power?
Yes: it is about thé capacity to act
No: power is about thé exercise, it needs to bé exercised

Question 7

Observable/ latent

Answer 7

Does power need to bé observable?
Yes: based on Dahl’s def
No:
.power also through keeping things off thé agenda (‘second face’ : see barrier model week 4)
.power Can also shaped people’s interests and keep thé unaware (‘third face’: lukes and also Foucault)
.postcolonial féminist view: smtmes résistance cannot bé Seen or expresses, kept invisible (After colonisation, no politics seems to bé interested in women, study them… Liké if they do not exist: kept INVISIBLE)

Question 8

Relational/ structural

Answer 8

Where is power located?
A. Relational: power relation, power OVER smn/ smtg
.implies power asymmetry: ruler+subject
.Arendt: power is evil, Always involves oppression
.féminisme and marxisme: power= domination and subordination so it is power over…
. intersectionality: multiple layers of domination ( for Marx or femisnism: women/ proletariat)

B. Structural: power exist in sociétal norms
.(self)-regulation and conditioning
.no disposition of power in anyone

C.structural and relational AT thé same Time (Meier and Blum)

Question 9

Effectiveness

Answer 9

Does it have to bé effective to bé power?
.yes otherwise it is a threat
.no:
..thé likelihood of effectiveness is often enough, there is a probalbility of success
..violence is sign of declining power (Arendt)

Question 10

Change behaviour or also ideas?

Answer 10

What change should bé brought to bé power?
.beh: otherwise no (observable) effects
.ideas: internalised, Can affect future

Question 11

Two main approaches of power

Answer 11

Power as
A a resource, possessing power
B an instrument, applying power

Question 12

Hard power

Answer 12

. Military + economic means: force

Question 13

Def soft power

Answer 13

Nye:”thé ability to get preferred outcomes through co-optive means of agenda-setting, persuasion, and attraction”

Question 14

Différent capabilities/ sources of soft power according to Masood

Answer 14

Trade and industry
Agriculture and industry
Technology
Diplomatic services, intelligence
Information, media

Question 15

Critics of soft power

Answer 15

. Réalistes: soft power is still based on hard power
. Espcially useful to contraste with hard power but broad concept

Question 16

Smart power

Answer 16

Ex usa
Stratégic combination of hard and soft power
Mostly a policy concept that did not gain that much traction in scholary debate

Question 17

What is thé normative power europe

Answer 17

EU’s ability to shape global norms and values through non coercive means.
EU exerce influence in IR by promoting principles such as démo, HR, rule of Law, sustainable dvlmpt (more than military or eco strength)
Shaped what’s ‘normal’ (‘third face’ of lukes)
Introduced by Ian Manners in 2002

Question 18

Critics of normative power europe

Answer 18

A. Double standards: not Always consistent, based on own interests ( 2 poids 2 mesures): ex support HR but also génocide in Gaza
B. EU also usés hard power (acc to Pollack, normative power europe is only an ‘ideal type’: so it is a theorical framework more than a def of EU)
C. Not (Always) based on Universal values (as claimed)

Question 19

Explain Goldmann other concept of power

Answer 19

.’offensive power’ :Dahl’s def
.’defensive power’: thé “ ability to avoir being controlled by other”
Def influenced by thé west

Question 20

Power dynamics

Answer 20

.generally, changing power dynamics involves implication for both hard and soft power
.return to hard power nowadays???
.increasing use of soft power by Authoritarian states?