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Geography > Power and borders > Flashcards

Power and borders Flashcards

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1
Q

What is secession?

A

The transfer of part of a state’s area to another state

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2
Q

Give an example of how the world political map is dynamic

A

Secession of South Sudan from Sudan in 2011 - world’s newest country
Secession of 15 countries in Eastern Europe and central Asia from the USSR in 1991

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3
Q

Example of where international borders are disputed

A

Kashmir and Jammu area (disputed between India, China, Pakistan) - cultural religious and ethnic differences, but access to resources such as water is a very important factor

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4
Q

How have changes to the world political map changed through integration, rather than disintegration?

A

Political and economic grouping of countries - e.g. formation of trading blocs such as ASEAN or the EU, or global organisations such as the UN and G20

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5
Q

What is a state?

A

The area of land of an independent country, with well-defined and internationally recognised boundaries, within which there is a politically organised body of people under a single government

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6
Q

What is self-determination?

A

The right of a group with a distinctive territorial identity to freely determine its political status and freely pursue its economic, social and cultural development

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7
Q

What us state apparatus?

A

Set of institutions and organisations through which state power is achieved - internal political organisation, provision of health, education, and welfare, legal mechanisms, organisation of police and armed forces

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8
Q

List some factors that determine state power

A

Ability to exploit natural resources, strength of international trade and trade links, ability to gain access to global supply chains, human resources including levels of education and demographic structure, industrial development, international relations, government policies

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9
Q

What is the opposite of state fragility?

A

State resilience

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10
Q

What are some factors that can be used to measure state fragility?

A

Refugees per capita, number of political prisoners, corruption, fatalities from conflict - Fund for Peace (FFP) Fragility Index

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11
Q

What were the 3 most fragile states in 2015?

A

South Sudan (114.5), Somalia, Central African Republic

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12
Q

What were the 3 most resilient states in 2015?

A

Finland (17.8), Switzerland, Germany

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13
Q

What is a nation?

A

A large group of people with strong bonds of identity, which includes their shared descent, history, traditions, culture and language - may be confined to one country or its people may live in an area across adjoining countries, such as the Kurds or Basques

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14
Q

What is it called when a nation has an independent state of its own?

A

A nation-state (e.g. Japan) - boundaries of the state coincide with the geographical area inhabited by the nation

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15
Q

What is sovereignty?

A

The absolute authority exercised by governments of independent states over the land and people in their territory

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16
Q

A state has exclusive authority over its territory and no other state can intervene (internal sovereignty). A state cannot proclaim sovereignty, it must be recognised by other states. This ensures its territorial integrity and ability to enter international relations

A

Yes - sovereignty and territorial integrity increasingly challenged in globalised world of 21st century

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17
Q

What is territorial integrity?

A

Principle that the defined territory of a state, over which it has exclusive and legitimate control, is inviolable

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18
Q

Why is it important to maintain territorial integrity?

A

Important in achieving international peace, security and stability

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19
Q

What is article 2.4 in the Charter of the United Nations?

A

Member states must not use force or threaten the territorial integrity or political independence of any other state.

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20
Q

What is article 2.1 in the Charter of the United Nations?

A

The entire organisation of the UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its member states

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21
Q

What is a norm?

A

A universally accepted standard of behaviour - derived from moral principles, customs and ways of living that have developed over time

22
Q

What are some state norms?

A

Obligation to protect its citizens; promote and develop friendly relations; respect, fulfil and protect human rights; allow citizens to be involved in government and have the freedom and opportunity to contribute to society

23
Q

What are norms reinforced by?

A

International treaties signed by member states (e.g. of UN or ASEAN or the EU)

24
Q

What is intervention?

A

The action of international organisations to resolve conflicts, humanitarian crises and challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity

25
Q

What are some forms of intervention?

A

Economic sanctions - such as trade embargo
Military action authorised by the UN
Peacekeeping missions by the UN and other regional organisations such as NATO
Humanitarian assistance by Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) including NGOs

26
Q

Why is intervention controversial?

When is it deemed necessary?

A

Principle of sovereignty promoted by the UN is undermined, but may be deemed necessary, e.g when a state government fails to protect its citizens, if there is a direct act of aggression by another state (perhaps over territorial claims), if there is civil war or conflict between ethnic groups, if there is terrorism or if TNCs are having negative impacts in host countries.

27
Q

What does global governance encompass?

A

All types of intervention - economic, military, humanitarian aid, education, reinforcement of norms, laws and treaties - effectiveness depends on interaction and cooperation of all organisations involved at every scale

28
Q

How can territorial integrity and sovereignty be disrupted?

A

Contested territory (e.g Russian annexation of Crimea)
Religious extremism and terrorism
Separatism - e.g. claims for succession by Catalans in Spain
Dispute over maritime territory for natural resources and exploration
Political and ethnic conflict, e.g. in the Middle East
Legacy of colonialism

29
Q

How can TNCs challenge state sovereignty and governmental control?

A

Small, peripheral economies have become dependent on social and economic benefits from TNC investment
LIDCs have in part lost control of territory, workforce and political decision making to TNCs
- If TNC decides to disinvest could have devastating impacts
TNCs often have power to exploit workforce - low wages, poor conditions, long hours, child labour - human rights abuses - disrespect of human rights is a challenge to sovereignty

30
Q

How is the challenge posed to state sovereignty by TNCs being managed?

A

International organisations including the UN and OECD have established guidelines which set out responsibilities of TNCs and state governments involved
A number of TNCs have responded by making policies with the aim of achieving their Corporate Social Responsibility and conforming to the UN Global Compact

31
Q

How many sovereign states are members of the UN?

A

193

32
Q

What are 2 reasons for the dispute over water supply in Kashmir (between India and Pakistan)?

A

Fast growing populations of both countries increase demand

Water source itself is depleting as Himalayan glaciers are retreating

33
Q

Why does the UN adopt strategies of prevention, such as diplomacy, mediation, monitoring and observation?

A

To enable peacekeeping missions to be deployed earlier

34
Q

How many global peacekeeping missions are there currently?

A

16

35
Q

Name some methods the UN uses to maintain international peace and stability

A

Peace keeping, peace building, disarmament, counter-terrorism, treaty making, promoting sustainable development, upholding international law, settling disputes between countries, delivering humanitarian aid

36
Q

What does NATO stand for?

A

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (28 member states)

37
Q

How does it aim to safeguard its members?

A

Politically - by promoting democratic values and encouraging consultation and cooperation on defence and security to prevent conflict
Militarily - if diplomatic measures are ineffective, has military capacity to undertake crisis management operations, either alone or in cooperation with other countries and international organisations

38
Q

What are the aims of the European Union (EU)?

A

Avoid conflict among its member states and encourage cooperation
Enhance interdependence through trade
Provide security and rapid response forces when necessary
Regulate conflict through various policies - aims to cooperate with its close neighbour states in Eastern Europe in terms of security, stability and prosperity

39
Q

How do NGOs (such as ACCORD in Africa) intervene in conflict zones?

A

Monitor situation and provide early warning of new violence
Direct mediation between adversarial parties
Strengthening local institutions
Reinforcing norms, laws and treaties through education at a local scale

40
Q

What are included in the global commons?

A

High seas, atmosphere, Antarctica, outer space - lie outside political reach of any state

41
Q

Why has Microsoft created new norms and how many has it created?

A

Microsoft has created 6 new norms to deal with the growing threat of cyber conflict

42
Q

How is technology being increasingly used in conflict intervention?

A

Use of satellite imagery, remotely controlled drones, more advanced weaponry, ICT required for databases and communications including mobile social networking

43
Q

What is resilience-building?

A

The means by which a state undergoes transition from a position of fragility to one of greater resilience in which its institutional strength and social cohesion enable the promotion of security and development and ability to respond effectively to shocks

44
Q

What are the intended short-term benefits of global governance for sovereignty?

A

Provision of humanitarian aid and donated funds
Supply of food, improved access to clean water, provision of medicines, provision of shelter, safe havens for IDPs, assistance for vulnerable refugees, attempts to maintain peace and protect civilians

45
Q

What are the intended long-term benefits of global governance for sovereignty?

A

Strengthening state apparatus
Sustainable development, such as training in agricultural practices to improve food security, education programmes to reduce risk of further conflict, post-conflict rehabilitation of communities, supporting minority groups
Changes in political regime which involve building of democratic institutions and supporting democratic and fair elections
Upholding human rights and reinforcing norms
Training of police and military
Integrating gender equality into policies and daily practices in the home and workplaces
Resilience building in all aspects of economic, social and political life, especially in strengthening state apparatus

46
Q

What are the intended short-term benefits of global governance for territorial integrity?

A

Negotiating periods of ceasefire, maintaining peace, protection of civilians, provision of shelter and assistance for IDPs, human rights monitoring, treatment of minority groups and women and children, reducing forced conscription of child soldiers, early warning of renewed conflict, strengthening rule of law

47
Q

What are the intended long-term benefits of global governance for territorial integrity?

A

Achieving political stability, economic growth and sustainable development
Improving trade relationships to help reduce impact of economic shock
Encouraging political and economic cooperation between countries
Improving the business environment by counter corruption and diminishing terrorism finance
Supporting transition to democracy and fair elections
Improving cyber defence
Restoring territory according to international law
Re-establishing state authority and building resilience in the state apparatus

48
Q

Legislative and administrative frameworks

A

Is a good phrase to use

49
Q

What are negative impacts of international military intervention?

A

Can exacerbate existing inequalities and injustices
Number of civilian casualties increase, population is displaced, refugees and IDPs
Physical damage to housing and infrastructure
Food security and water security
Education programmes disrupted
Escalation to violence and further human rights abuse

50
Q

What is autonomy?

A

The right to self-government

51
Q

Poverty alleviation

A

Yes

Geography (17 decks)

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