Mali Case Study - impact of global governance Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Where is Mali located and give some general information

A

Mali is a landlocked country in West Africa

It is the 8th largest country in Africa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give some statistics on the development of Mali

A

50% of the population living on less than US$1.25 a day
Life expectancy is 55
The literacy rate is just 33% of the population
2 mean years of schooling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the socio-economic and environmental disparities?

A

The North is a vast area of desert and semi-desert, where the Tuareg are the dominant ethnic group.
The South has the most economic activity - the capital, Bamako, is located on the river Niger in the South.
Significant core-periphery divide - north marginalised and largely neglected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does Mali generate most of its income?

A

Gold, cotton and agricultural exports - but is landlocked so has to transport through other countries to reach the coast and ship them. It is a very poor country which depends heavily on foreign aid and migrant remittances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What occurred in 2012?

A

Military coup d’etat in 2012 and subsequent insurgency, including continued terrorism and religious extremism - required assistance of France to ‘defend Mali’s sovereignty and territorial integrity’ in 2013

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the problem with Mali’s boundaries?

A

The international boundaries were defined by Europeans in the early 20th century, but there was little regard for the native tribal lands, such as the Tuareg, which resulted in the arbitrary division of the Tuareg ethnic group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What have the Tuareg claimed?

A

They have declared independence over Awazad in northeast Mali - they claim territorial and cultural rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What has been the problem with state governance in the past?

A

They have ineffectively governed the north - it has been marginalised and largely neglected from Bamako - there has been a significant core-periphery divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why has there been fighting in the north?

A

Over control routes for both illegal trade and smuggling (e.g. in the Telemsi valley)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

There is not just a core-periphery divide…

A

There are many other significant ethnic groups (other than Tuareg) such as the Songhai, who are prominent in the Gao area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is MINSUMA and when was it established? What has it involved and what are its aims?

A

UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali - established by UN security council in 2013
Aims to support political process and stabilise Mali, ensure security, protect civilians, assist re-establishment of state authority and promote and protect human rights
There are currently over 9000 military personnel and 1000 police involved
They operate in main population centres - keeping open important lines of communication and providing humanitarian assistance - including returns of displaced persons and preparation for free and peaceful elections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What have ECOWAS and the African Union done in Mali?

A

They have been involved in mediation and returning power to civilian administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was the 2015 peace deal?

A

Peace deal between Malian government and Tuareg people - success of combined effects of global governance evident in 2015
Provided some degree of autonomy in the north
Included recognition of locally elected leaders, greater representation of northern populations in national institution, more transfer of state budget to authorities in the north

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give some examples of how NGOs have been involved in global governance of Mali

A

Population Services International - reproductive health services
Care - food security and poverty alleviation
World Education Mali - addressing educational barriers to literacy
Solidarités International - water, hygiene, sanitation and food security in northern settlements, including Timbuktu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Despite the presence of MINUSMA, why have the efforts of NGOs been increasingly difficult to implement?

A

Areas of armed bandits involved in kidnapping, car jacking, smuggling and land mines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why have effects of global governance in Mali been limited?

A

Continuing instability and inequalities (from which many of the problems stem). However, HDI figures show improvement overall

17
Q

What are the opportunities for stability created by global governance in Mali?

A

MINUSMA establishing mechanisms for political, social and economic stability - provision of military force and strengthening police force designed to minimise terrorist activity and to support the government in providing more effective legislation and rule of law, and to set up democratic elections.
Protection of human rights is a priority, reinforcing international norms of behaviour
Re-establishing state control of the north and territorial integrity within internationally recognised boundaries is also a UN aim

18
Q

What are the opportunities for growth created by global governance in Mali?

A

GDP per capita recovering after it fell in the 2 years following the coup (it was US$495 in 2015)
There has been a reduction in import dependency and increased economic diversity essential for Mali to reduce its trade deficit - the main exports are gold (72%) and cotton (10%).
The World Bank supports smallholder farmers by enhancing the supply chains for farming and fishery products - through Agricultural Competitiveness and Diversification project

19
Q

What are the opportunities for development in Mali?

A

UN mission paving way for stability to precede the development process
Other international organisations in cooperation with the Malian government include water aid - working with local communities in urban and rural areas to secure sustainable water supplies and sanitation - vital opportunity for citizens to become healthier, better educated and more food secure

20
Q

What are the challenges of inequality in Mali?

A

Socio-economic inequalities between the south and the north - the north is underdeveloped and underrepresented politically
Deep rooted cultural and linguistic divisions - divisions between ethnic groups (Tuareg, Songhai, Arabs) in north major challenge to peace - not all its peoples see Awazad as common territory
Inequalities between rural and urban areas - limited infrastructure and service provision - many villagers feel abandoned and disconnected from the state

21
Q

What are the challenges of injustices in Mali?

A

Government’s inability to police own country - high levels of human trafficking, drug smuggling, kidnapping, embezzlement and corruption
Government unable to protect its citizens from human rights abuse - children and women subject to disproportionate amounts of domestic and agricultural work, early marriage, female genital mutilation, military conscription and unsafe conditions in gold mines
Abductions, killings, bombings and problems of land mines
High rates of maternal and child mortality