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!Geo > Power and borders > Flashcards

Power and borders Flashcards

1
Q

give the definition of sovereignty?

A

the absolute authority that independent states exercise in the government of the land and people in the territory

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2
Q

give the definition of territorial integrity?

A

a principle that the defined territory of state, over which has exclusive and legitimate control is inviolable, enshrined in the charter of the UN and is an important part of international law

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3
Q

describe what the world political map shows (4)

A

-the world political map shows the territories of sovereign nation states
-these are spatially bounded areas of land which define as physically independent, self governing countries
-the peace of west phalia (1648) is often cited as the inception of modern state

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4
Q

give the definition of a nation state?

A

a nation with its own independent state, the boundaries of the state coincide with the area inhabited by the nation

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5
Q

what is the definition of succession?

A

the transfer of part of a states area and population to another state

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6
Q

what is the significance of border changes?

A

-border changes affect sovereignty over populations physical resources, for example South Sudan oil division
-the borders influence the economy (landlocked = reduced trade) and the geography (migration routes for each new country)

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7
Q

how has changes to the world map been beneficial?

A

-the formation of trading blocks such as EU, MERCOSUR
-formation of global organisations such as the UN, IMF, world bank
-the formation of G20 and G7

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8
Q

give the definition of a state?

A

refers to the area of land, of an independent country with well defined boundaries, within are a politically organised body of people under a single government

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9
Q

what are some of the characteristics that states have?

A

-a defined territory which is internationally recognised
-sovereignty in which the political authority is effective and strong enough to assert itself throughout the bounded territory
-government is recognised by other states
-independence (self governing)
-permanent population which. has the right to self determination

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10
Q

give the definition of self determination?

A

the right of a group with a distinctive territorial identity to freely determine its political status and freely pursue its economic, social and cultural development

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11
Q

give the definition of state apparatus?

A

refers to the set of institutions and organisations through which state power is achieved (legal power, military, police, education)

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12
Q

what causes the inequalities in power and influence of states globally?

A

-some states have the ability to dominate and drive global systems and have significant influence on global events
-others have little influence and can only react or respond to global change

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13
Q

how can power be measured?

A

-economic power can be measured in terms of trade and wealth generated over a long period of time
-military power can also depend on wealth and government policy
-a state may also be influential in the global spread of cultural attributes, known as americanisation

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14
Q

what does state power depend on?

A

-economic, social, political and physical factors
-(physical factors - the ability to exploit natural resources and geographical location)
-(social factors - Human Resources and demographic structure)
-(economic factors - industrial development, ability to regulate its economy, trade strength)
-(political - internal political organisations, international relations, government policy and events in history)

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15
Q

give the definition of a nation?

A

refers to a large group of people with a strong identity, united by strong descent, history, traditions, culture and language

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16
Q

give an example of a nation?

A

-the Kurdish nation
-they inhabit Kurdistan which is a mountainous area in south west Asia, including parts of eastern turkey, northeast Iraq, northwest Iran, Armenia and northeast syria
-traditionally normandic but mostly semi-normandic or sedentary now
-the nation does not have sovereignty, but the Kurds are a nation of which is united by culture but without a state of sovereign power

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17
Q

give the definition of nation building?

A

the creation or development of a nation, especially one that has recently become independent

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18
Q

give two processes by which sovereignty is obtained?

A

-internal sovereignty - a state has exclusive authority within its bounded territory and no other state can intervene in its domestic politics
-external sovereignty - a state cannot simply proclaim sovereignty, there has to be mutual recognition among other sovereign states

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19
Q

in addition to sovereignty of the land what else does sovereignty apply too?

A

-rocks, soils, minerals and space beneath the surface
-agreed areas of see and sea bed sources
-agreed air space

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20
Q

what is causing challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity?

A

due to globalisation process developing

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21
Q

what does territorial integrity mean and who maintains it?

A

-states exercise their sovereignty within a specific territory, the boundaries set by international law
-preservation of territorial integrity and sovereignty is essential to achieving global stability and international security
-key organisation in maintaining this is the UN

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22
Q

explain how sovereignty and territorial integrity are related?

A

-states exercise sovereignty within a specific territory, and the boundaries have been set by international law
-this provides a frame work for the current international political structure based on territorial division and sovereign states

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23
Q

in what UN charter is territorial integrity defined?

A

-article 2.4 ‘ all members should refrain in their international relations from threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state ‘

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24
Q

what 3 things ensure states ‘play nice’?

A

-norms
-interventions
-geopolitics

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25
what are norms and their significance to a state?
-norms are the rules that countries are meant to play by, laid out by international law, treaties and the UN charter -UN is based on sovereign equality meaning each state has the same rights as each other to form their own government without outside influence (article 2.1) -states that fail to meet these norms and obligations in the UN charter (4.1) are often fragile because they have ineffective state apparatus, meaning sanctions have to be put in place
26
what are norms based on?
-moral principles, customs and behaviours which have developed throughout the world -norms are based on laws set out by the UN charter which outlines the universally accepted understanding of sovereignty and territorial integrity -they refer to customary, internationally accepted behaviour of state governments (including maintaining sovereignty and protecting their citizens)
27
what UN article defines the principle of the UN?
article 2.1 - the UN is based on the principle of the sovereign equality for all its members
28
what is the meaning of article 2.1?
-'the UN is based on the sovereign equality for all its members' -it means all states have equal rights and can chose their own form of government without outside influence -also states all have equal rights to make authoritative decisions in regards to people and resources within its defined territory -states have the responsibility to respect the sovereignty of other states
29
article 2.4 - definiton and meaning?
' all members should refrain in their international relations from threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state ' makes specific reference to the preservation of territorial integrity and political independence of a state
30
article 2.1 - definition and meaning?
'the UN is based on the principle of sovereign equality for all its members' -meaning every state has the right to determine its own form of government without outside influence -also every state has the right to make auhtoritive decisions about the people and resources in its defined territory
31
article 4.1 - definition and meaning?
'membership in the UN is open to all peace loving states which accept the obligations in the UN charter and are able to carry out these obligations' -obligations refer to promoting and developing friendly external relations between nations, and internally the obligation of a state is to protect its citizens (allowing them to be involved in the government and have freedom)
32
give the definition of intervention?
when international organisations act to resolve conflicts, challenges and crises in other states
33
give some examples of interventions?
-economic sanctions (trade embargo) -military action (when authorised by the UN) -missions of regional organisations (NATO) -humanitarian assistances (NGOs)
34
when is aid deemed necessary?
-in circumstances when the government fails to protect its citizens from violations of human rights or aggression by another state -when civil war occurs due to a poor government, for ex conflict between ethnic groups -intervention when TNCs have negative economic, social or environmental effects in a country they invest in.
35
why is international aid controversial?
-it is argued the principle of sovereignty, promoted by the UN is undermined by the UN security council 'the UN is based on the sovereign equality for all its members' -states are not making their own decisions in regard to the people and resources within its defined territory if an outside organisation is intervening
36
give the definition of geopolitics?
-Geopolitics refer to the different geographic (either physical or human) influences on political and international relations. -geopolitics involves the global balance of political power and international relations
37
evidence for geopolitical power being unbalanced?
-some countries are ACs, EDCs, LIDCs -supranantional organisations can exert a strong geopolitical influence -TNCs have increasing influence of countries due to globalisation increasing
38
what factors are considered when the international community are called to intervene
-reasons why intervention is necessary -the appropriate type of intervention -the potential socio-economic and political effects -political composition of groups and countries involved -features of the country -people and the government affected
39
what is the definition of global governance?
'intervention by the global community, attempting to regulate issues such human rights, sovereignty and territorial integrity'
40
why is global governance complex and why does it involve many different aspects?
-it can involve many different types of intervention including economic, military and humanitarian work to reinforce human right norms, laws and treaties -many institutions have different roles in global governance (NATO, UN, NGOs) -effective global governance depends on interaction and coordination at every scale
41
what are the current political boundaries based upon?
-the Westphalian model, based on the sovereign equality of all states -this was established on principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity and the sovereign equality of all states -these principles are reinforced in the UN charter but have been challenged by many threats
42
what four things causes challenges to sovereignty and loss of territorial integrity?
-TNCs -supranational organisations -political dominance of ethnic groups -current political boundaries
43
Current political boundaries: Sovereign equality definition?
A state cannot violate the sovereignty/territory of another state (reinforced by the UN Charter) - article 2.4
44
what is the definition of a TNC?
-Large corporate enterprises which operate in more than one country -Driving force of global economic integration
45
what are the benefits of TNCs?
-local multiplier effect -stimulation of industry
46
Transnational Corporations: TNC challenges to state sovereignty (4)
-Many TNCs have expanded their operations beyond state boundaries -States may not have full control over their territory, workforce, environmental and political decision making -Some TNCs disrespect human rights -TNC decisions to invest/disinvest are taken outside the host country which has little/no involvement
47
Transnational Corporations: How do TNCs disrespect human rights? (5)
Exploiting workers Low wages Demanding overtime/long hours Poor conditions Child labour
48
solutions to prevent TNCs challenging states sovereignty?
-UN global compact: An initiative to get companies to align their strategies and operations according to universal principles
49
example of a solution to prevent TNCs challenging states sovereignty?
-TNCs such as nestle and Toyota have clear policies to achieve corporate social responsibility and to conform to the UN global compact
50
what is the definition of a supranational organisation?
supranational organisations represent the tier of governance above that of an individual state
51
Supranational Institutions: EU definiton
=a trading block which is an economic and political union with its own parliament and monetary zone -Trading bloc - economic and political -28 member states
51
how do states maintain sovereignty?
-the states are independent countries, they have equal rights and exercise exclusive control and responsibility for their citizens -however they must comply with the laws of the institutions
52
how is sovereignty eroded for member states belonging to supranational organisations? (2)
-they are bound to the requirements / laws of the institutions, including any treaties they may sign -in respect, member states have to surrender aspects of sovereignty as they have to comply with the laws of the institutions
53
Supranational Institutions: EU benefits (2)
-Ability to address transnational issues (air pollution) -Economic and trade advantages (protection of industry and access to the European market)
54
Supranational Institutions: EU challenges (3)
-States have to implement EU laws even if they did not vote for them -States cannot pass laws if they conflict with EU laws -19 members of the Eurozone have additional financial restrictions
55
Supranational Institutions: Eurozone financial restrictions (2)
-Cannot set own interest rates -Are forced to accept austerity measures
56
Supranational Institutions: UN defintion
=United Nations is an international organisation which was founded in 1945 after the war and is made up of 193 sovereign states. The purposes and principles of the UN is contained in the founding charter -Each state is a member of the General Assembly
57
what is the purpose of the UN?
-provides different countries with a place to discuss issues and give their views on world issues -general assembly is a huge meeting where the UNs main debate takes place -four main principles: maintaining peace and security, bringing countries closer together, solving international problems and helping countries meet common goals
58
the UN and sovereignty?
sovereignty and territorial integrity are important norms in the UN charter (article 2.1 and 2.4) -however the UN, with the backing of the security council can sanction intervention in instance where a state fails to protect its citizens
59
Supranational Institutions: UN - General Assembly World Summit 2005.. when should intervention be applied?
Intervention should apply in the circumstances of: -Genocide -War Crimes -Crimes against humanity -Ethnic cleansing
60
Political dominance of ethnic groups: some ethnic groups challenge territorial integrity by demanding independence e.g.
Turaeg in Mali claim independence in Azawad
61
Political dominance of ethnic groups: A single ethnic group may be partitioned by modern state borders e.g.
Kurdistan extends across five states in SW Asia
62
Political dominance of ethnic groups: When do challenges to sovereignty occur?
when internal conflict means the government can't protect the citizens
63
Political dominance of ethnic groups: When do challenges to territorial integrity occur?
when ethnic groups that have a strong identity demand full independence to create a new state
64
Challenges to sovereignty/territorial integrity leading to conflict arise when... (8)
-Citizens are treated unjustly -Groups of citizens have limited representation in government -Competition for the same/scarce resources -People seek autonomy, independence and self determination if suppressed/marginalised by the state government -Government fails to protect citizens from violation of rights -People are persecuted for religious/political beliefs -Differing ethnic identities/ethnic conflict -Government fails to supply people's basic needs
65
what is the Global Peace Index?
-Shows patterns of conflict -Uses 23 indicators in 3 categories: Level of safety, Number of international and domestic conflicts, and the degree of militarisation
66
what is NATO?
-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation -brings together armies of 28 countries -alliance formed between North American and European countries
67
what is the purpose of NATO?
-safeguard freedom and security of its 28 members through military and political means -NATO members agree that if one country is attacked other members will come and help them
68
NATO: Safeguards freedom and security of members - Political?
-Promotes democratic values -Encourages consultation and cooperation of defence and security issues
69
NATO: Safeguard freedom and security of members - Military?
-Peaceful resolution of disputes -If this fails it has the military capacity to undertake crisis management operations alone or in cooperation with other countries/institutions
70
EU - institutional bodies to regulate conflict by policies: Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
-Preserve peace and international security -Promote international cooperation -Develop and consolidate respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
71
EU - institutional bodies to regulate conflict by policies: Common Security and Defence Policy
-Joint disarmament operations -Humanitarian and rescue tasks -Military advice and assistance -Conflict prevention and peacekeeping
72
EU - institutional bodies to regulate conflict by policies: European Neighbourhood Policy
-The Eu aims to cooperate with its close neighbour states in Eastern Europe to achieve security, stability and prosperity
73
NGOs: How NGOs try regulate conflict (5)
-Work with global institutions, governments and citizens in conflict zones -Provide humanitarian relief (healthcare, education) -Monitor and warn of new violence -Strengthen local institutions in the rule of law and democratic processes -Mediate and open dialogue between adversarial parties
74
what is the definition of a treaty?
a written international agreement between two or more states and/or international organisations
75
what is international law and how does it relate to treaties?
-the body of law that governs international relations between states or nations -states that sign treaties are bound to them by international law
76
Treaties, Laws and Norms: what does international law concern? (6)
-Human rights -Disarmament -Refugees -Nationality -Use of force -Conduct in war
77
what is one of the goals of the UN in relation to treaties?
one of the primary goals of the UN is to develop international law based on multilateral treaties it has adopted -for example laws relating to human rights, disarmament etc
78
international law - roles
-body of law that governs international relations between states or nations -it defines the responsibilities of states in the conduct with each other and treatment of their citizens -also international law that governs global commons (resource domain areas which lie out the political reach of one nation state for ex Antartica and space)
79
give the definition of a norm?
long established, common practises in many countries set out by the UN charter which are formalised and reinforced by treaties and laws
80
Treaties, Laws and Norms: Why has Microsoft created 6 norms relating to cyber conflict
-as cyber conflict is an increasing threat to sovereignty -norms attempt to limit conflict in cyperspace to protect key assets, systems and networks
81
the roles of flow of people in geopolitical intervention?
-Health workers and military personnel -UN/NGO intervention involves the movement of personnel to conflict zones, as many as 10,000 people
82
the roles of flow of money in geopolitical intervention?
-Intervention is funded by the transfer of finances, donated by member states -As much as >US$1 billion/mission
83
the roles of flow of ideas in geopolitical intervention?
-Planning intervention involves the exchange of ideas e.g coordination of strategies -Flows of ideas happens at bilateral meetings, council meetings, UN conferences and General Assembly discussions
84
the roles of flow of technology in geopolitical intervention?
-Increased dependence on technology in peace keeping -Internet supplies information -Mobile phones help monitor behaviour
85
intended Benefits of global governance - Sovereignty: Long term (7)
-Agriculture training to improve food security -Education programmes -Democratic institutions -Democratic and fair elections -Upholding human rights -Training of police and military -Integrate gender equality into policies
86
intended Benefits of global governance - Sovereignty: - short term (6)
-Maintain peace, strengthen rule of law and protect civilians -Humanitarian aid -Supply of food -Access to clean water -Provision of shelter -Assistance for vulnerable refugees
87
Intended benefits of global governance - Territorial Integrity: Long term (6)
-Mediation and cooperation -Development of sustainable food and water supplies -Improving trade relationships to help reduce effects of economic shock -Restore territory -Support transition to democracy/fair elections -Re-establish state authority and state apparatus
88
Intended benefits of global governance - Territorial Integrity: Short term (6)
-Security and protection of civilians in conflict areas -Periods of ceasefire negotiated -Border control -Human rights for minority groups -Reduced forced conscription of child soldiers -Assistance for IDPs and their return
89
what are the unintended effects of military intervention (8)
-Civilian casualties -Displacement -Damage to housing -Damage to infrastructure -Escalation of violence and human rights violation -Disruption to education -Food insecurity -Limiting access to services
90
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