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compounding exam 1 > powders > Flashcards

powders Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmaceutical material

A

medicinal substances, pharmaceutical excipients

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2
Q

premixes

A

animal food

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3
Q

advantages of powders

A

larger surface area, alt way of dose administration, flexible, good chemical stability, easier for pt to take

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4
Q

larger surface area of powders

A

compared to tables and/or capsules

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5
Q

An alternative method of administering the dose

A

patient cannot swallow a capsule or a tablet (e.g., via a nasogastric tube)
small children (the drug may be administered with apple sauce

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6
Q

can u give larger doses w powders

A

YES

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7
Q

Good chemical stability of powders

A

chemical degradation of most drugs is due to hydrolysis - powder dosage forms are essentially devoid of moisture
- chemical degradation of a drug is minimized in a powder dosage form

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8
Q

disadvantages of powders

A

not a good dosage form, not accurate, time consuming

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9
Q

why are powders not a good dosage form

A

for hygroscopic, deliquescent, and efflorescent drugs » for unpleasant taste and/or odor drugs

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10
Q

why are doses not an accurate dosage form

A

» bulk powders do not provide accurate doses because the dose is measured using a house- hold teaspoon
» the accuracy of dose in bulk powders is even less than the accuracy of dose in divided powders

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11
Q

medicinal substances of powders

A

crystalline and powdered forms

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12
Q

subdivision of particles

A

– Manufacturing process
– Therapeutic effects
– Powder fineness (particles size)

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13
Q

Particle size according to
fineness of powders

A

chemicals and natural drugs
d50 sieve opening method

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14
Q

natural drug power and sieve opening for very coarse

A

8, 2360

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15
Q

natural drug power and sieve opening for coarse

A

20, 850

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16
Q

natural drug power and sieve opening for moderately coarse

A

40, 425

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17
Q

natural drug power and sieve opening for fine

A

60, 250

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18
Q

natural drug power and sieve opening for very fine

A

80, 180

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19
Q

chemical power and sieve opening for coarse

A

20 and 850

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20
Q

chemical power and sieve opening for moderately coarse

A

40 and 425

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21
Q

chemical power and sieve opening for fine

A

80, 180

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22
Q

chemical power and sieve opening for very fine

A

120, 125

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23
Q

very coarse sieve opening

A

> 1000

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24
Q

coarse sieve opening

A

335-1000

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25
Q

moderately fine sieve opening

A

180-355

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26
Q

fine sieve opening

A

125-180

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27
Q

very fine sieve opening

A

90-125

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28
Q

Sieving method

A

50-3360μm

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29
Q

Microscopic method

A

0.2-100μm

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30
Q

Sedimentation rate

A

0.8-300μm
– Stokes’ low

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31
Q

Light energy diffraction

A

0.5-500 microm

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32
Q

laser holograph

A

1.4-100 micro meters

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33
Q

Physico-Chemical Properties of Powders

A

A function of particle size and surface area

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34
Q

Surface area formula

A

(pi)(diameter)^2

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35
Q

Physical characteristics

A

Ease of mixing
– Dispersibility
» suspension and ointment
» Stoke’s law
– Pharmaceutical elegance

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36
Q

Spatulation

A
  • Soft agglomerates
    – Hard-rubber spatulas versus steal spatulas
37
Q

Trituration

A

Grinding a drug with a pestle in a mortar to reduce its particle size

38
Q

levigation

A

levigating agent

39
Q

Pulverization by intervention

A

Hard crystalline substances
– Gummy type substance

40
Q

Wedgwood

A

Highly durable and porous
– Hard crystalline solids
– Not for drugs that stain, very small quantity, and very potent
– Re-roughen

41
Q

Glass

A

Smooth, non-porous interior surface
– Solutions and suspensions

41
Q

Porcelain

A

Similar to Wedgwood mortar
– Glazed and less porous than
Wedgwood mortar

42
Q

what makes a good powder?

A

finest state of subdivision, allows for creation of a homogeneous powder (uniform distribution), fast dissolution, and better bioavailability etc

43
Q

good powders give insoluble powders ____

A

absorptive capacity (large surface area) for topical application

44
Q

good powders are ____ than those containing coarse particles (fine particles at 50-100 microm)

A

LESS

45
Q

good powders provide _______ for inhaled powders for deposition deep in the respiratory tract (fine particles at 1-5microm)

A

better penetrability

46
Q

good powders settle slowly or quickly

A

SLOWLY (small particles at 0.5-10 microm)

47
Q

Blending of Powders methods

A
  • Spatulation
    – Tumbling
    » hazardous or cytotoxic substances
    » light-weight powders
  • trituration
48
Q

Rule of mixing

A

The smallest quantity in the formulation (except colorant and flavoring agent) goes into the mortar first
– This is followed by the next larger quantity. Geometric dilution should be used wherever necessary
– The mixture should be triturated to assure complete mixing after each addition of the powder
– Always add powder with higher density to powder with the lower density because lighter powder tends to “dust out” of the mortar

49
Q

Geometric dilution

A

Used when blending two or more powder ingredients of unequal quantities
– It is a method designed to help ensure that small quantities of ingredients, usually potent drugs, are uniformly distributed throughout the powder mixture

50
Q

Trituration usually is the blending method of choice because

A

gives more intimate mixing than other methods

51
Q

Special Problems

A

Hygroscopic and deliquescent substances
Efflorescent powders
Eutectic mixtures
Explosive mixtures
chemical incompatibilities
incorporation of small amounts of liquids

52
Q

explosive mixtures

A

React violently when mixed together
» oxidizing agents and reducing agents
– Examples
» iodine,nitrates,etc

53
Q

chemical incompatibilities

A

Visually evident and physicochemical phenomena
– Examples
»concentration dependent precipitation
» acid-bas ereaction
» discoloration
» chemical deterioration
» loss of potency

54
Q

Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances

A

solids that absorb moisture from the air (partially or wholly dissolves in moisture once enough is absorbed)

55
Q

what dosage form do you prefer Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances in

A

LIQUID (solution or suspension)
- Check with the prescriber if a liquid dosage form would be acceptable
– If not, the powder must be dispensed in a form that is usable and acceptable to the patient

56
Q

what do you add to Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances

A

water insoluble powdered ingredient (To prevent or minimize water-absorption)

57
Q

light magnesium oxide

A

the quantity used is not sufficient to impart the laxative effect
» light magnesium oxide is preferred over heavy magnesium oxide

58
Q

how should Hygroscopic and Deliquescent Substances be dispensed

A

in a tight container (Should be double-wrapped in wax-paper or sealed in plastic or foil and the packets put in
tight containers)

59
Q

hygroscopic substances examples

A

ammonium iodide, ephedrine sulfate, phenobarbital sodium, potassium phosphate (dibasic), sodium phosphate (dibasic)

60
Q

deliquescent substances examples

A

lithium bromide, potassium acetate, sodium iodide, zinc chloride

61
Q

efflorescent powders

A

crystalline substances that contain water of hydration or crystallization
– This water can be released when the substance is manipulated or triturated

62
Q

liberation of water of efflorescent powders causes

A

powdered substance to become damp or take the appearance of a paste (A given weight of the prepared powder no longer contains the same amount of drug due to the loss of water)

63
Q

how should efflorescent powders be stored

A

tight containers

64
Q

efflorescent powders- Substitute the anhydrous form of the drug for ________

A

the form that contains water of hydration

65
Q

examples of efflorescent powders

A

citric acid, magnesium sulfate heptahydrate, quinine hydrochloride dihydrate, sodium carbonate decahydrate, strychnine sulfate pentahydrate

66
Q

euctectic mixtures

A

liquefy when they come into contact with each other

67
Q

presence of one solid in euctectic mixtures

A

acts as an impurity for the other substance (mp of each solid lowered)

68
Q

The resultant melting point of the solids in euctetic mixtures

A

greater than room temp (powder mixture poses as no issue)

69
Q

The resultant melting point of either solid ingredient (euctectic mixtures)

A

near or below room temp
The solids may become damp, pasty, or liquid, depending upon the melting point lowering
The eutectic mixture results in a liquid much faster when the low melting point components are combined

70
Q

Methods to handle eutectic mixtures

A

Allow the liquid eutectic to form and absorb the liquid onto an inert, high-melting, finely divided solid
» use a low-density absorbing solid (e.g., light magnesium oxide or kaolin) in order to use a minimum weight of the absorbing solid
– Triturate the potential eutectic formers separately with an inert ingredient, then mix the protected powders together by gentle spatulation or by tumbling(use a low-density inert ingredient so as to use the minimum weight of the inert ingredient)

71
Q

Incorporation of Relatively Small Proportion of Liquids method

A

Absorb the liquid into the powder (triturate liquid w an equal amount of powder)

72
Q

The remainder of the powder is then incorporated by _______ (euctectic mixture)

A

adding it in several portions (with trituration) until the entire quantity of the powder has been added

73
Q

An absorbent inert powder, if needed, may be incorporated (when adding in small amounts of liquids)

A

To produce the final mixture as a dry powder
– Light or heavy magnesium oxide, or kaolin

74
Q

Powders for internal use

A

Not to use an excessive quantity of the absorbent powder which tends to exhibit some pharmacological effects at high doses

75
Q

kaolin

A

used in the treatment of diarrhea, but only if the diarrhea- causing agent can be adsorbed by kaolin

76
Q

magnesium oxide

A

effective, fairly long-acting, non-systemic antacid, but is also used as a cathartic

77
Q

Bulk powders

A

Powders for topical application
– Powders for internal use
– Example
» CBZ Dusting Powder

78
Q

Divided powders
– Powder papers

A

vegetable parchment, white bond, waxed, glassine

79
Q

vegetable parchment paper

A

thin semiopaque moisture-resistant paper

80
Q

white bond paper

A

opaque paper with no moisture- resistant properties

81
Q

waxed paper

A

transparent waterproof paper

82
Q

glassine paper

A

glazed, transparent moisture-resistant paper

83
Q

divided powder example

A

Aspirin Phenacetin Caffeine Powder

84
Q

effervescent granules:

A

Carbonation can mask the bitter or unpleasant taste of drug

85
Q

effervescing agent: citric acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate

A

210 g vs 254 g

86
Q

tartaric acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate

A

150g vs 168g

87
Q

Problems using citric acid and tartaric acid

A
  • Citric acid: difficult to granulate
    – Tartaric acid: chalky, friable and not firm granules
88
Q

Component of formulation

A
  • Citric acid: 1 part
    – Tartaric acid: 2 parts
    – Sodium bicarbonate: 3.4 parts

compounding exam 1 (5 decks)

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