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Solid Dosage Forms > Powders > Flashcards

Powders Flashcards

1
Q

Mixture of finely divided drugs or chemicals in dry form which can be used internally or externally. These are considered as the simplest dosage form and the basis of other DF such as tablets and capsules.

A

Powders

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2
Q

Two (2) Types of Powders

A
  1. Bulk Powders
  2. Divided Powders
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3
Q

These cannot be used for drugs that require precise and accurate dosing. It may be classified as oral powders, dentifrices, douche powders, dusting powders, insufflations and triturations.

A

Bulk Powders

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4
Q

Five (5) Types of Bulk Powders

A
  1. Dusting Powders
  2. Dentifrices
  3. Douche Powders
  4. Medicated Powders
  5. Insufflations
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5
Q

These are locally applied nontoxic preparations that are intended to have no systemic action.

A

Dusting Powders

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6
Q

The powder that is generally containing soap or detergent, mild abrasive, and an anticariogenic agent.

A

Dentifrices

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7
Q

Intended to be dissolved in water prior to use as antiseptics or cleansing agents for body cavity.

A

Douche Powders

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8
Q

Usually as Topical Antifungal or Anti-Infectives

A

Medicated Powders

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9
Q

These are finely divided powders introduced into body cavities such as the ears, nose, throat, tooth sockets and vagina.

A

Insufflations

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10
Q

They have individual doses of powder packaged in folded papers or plastic bags.

A

Divided Powders

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11
Q

It absorbs moisture, but does not dissolve.

A

Hygroscopic Powders

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12
Q

It absorbs moisture and eventually dissolves.

A

Deliquescent Powders

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13
Q

It releases water of crystallization.

A

Efflorescent Powders

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14
Q

Liquids result from the combination of phenol, camphor, menthol, thymol, antipyrine, phenacetin, acetanilide, aspirin, salol and related compounds at ordinary temperatures.

A

Eutectic

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15
Q

Four (4) Processes of Reducing Particle Size

A
  1. Trituration
  2. Pulverization by Intervention
  3. Levigation
  4. Milling
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16
Q

A reduction of particle size to the desired degree of fineness by continuous rubbing of solid in mortar with pestle.

A

Trituration

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17
Q

With the use of volatile solvent. For gummy like particles (e.g., camphor). Substances are reduced and subdivided with an additional material that is easily removed after pulverization.

A

Pulverization by Intervention

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18
Q

A reduction of particle size by adding suitable non-solvent to form paste. With the use of non-volatile solvent. Forms paste through the addition of non-solvent to the soluble material.

A

Levigation

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19
Q

With the use of rotary cutter, hammer, and roller mills.

A

Milling

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20
Q

Particle Size Reduction

A

Comminution

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21
Q

It is done to produce homogenous mixture which is important for obtaining accurate doses.

A

Blending / Mixing of Powders

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22
Q

Five (5) Types of Blending / Mixing of Powders

A
  1. Spatulation
  2. Sifting
  3. Geometric Dilution
  4. Trituration
  5. Tumbling
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23
Q

Use of spatula on the pill tile or sheet of paper. Blending small amounts of powders by movement of spatula through them on the sheet of paper or an ointment tile. Not suitable for large quantities of powders or for powders that can contain potent substance. Useful for substance that liquefy.

A

Spatulation

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24
Q

Powders are mixed by passing them in sifters resulting to light, fluffy product.

A

Sifting

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25
Q

It is used to ensure uniform distribution of potent drug mixed in large amount of diluent. Used when blending 2 or more powders of unequal quantity.

A

Geometric Dilution

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26
Q

Grinding together of two or more substances to intimately mix that may be done in the glass mortar and pestle. Used both to comminute and mix powders.

A

Trituration

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27
Q

Mixing powders in large container rotated by motorized process. Special large scale and small scale motorized powder blender mix powders.

A

Tumbling

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28
Q

These are prepared agglomerates of smaller particles of powders. The aggregates of powders that adhere or bond to each other to form larger unit particles.

A

Granules

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29
Q

Two (2) Methods of Preparation of Granules

A
  1. Wet Granulation
  2. Dry Granulation
30
Q

“Wet Massing”

A

Wet Granulation

31
Q

The powders to produce wet mass.

A

Moistening

32
Q

The wet mass to break into granules of desired size.

A

Screening

33
Q

The granules to remove solvent.

A

Dry

34
Q

A method of tablet production wherein the granulation solution is sprayed onto the suspended particles which would then be dried rapidly in the suspending air.

A

Fluid Bed Granulation

35
Q

A process in which primary powder particles are made to adhere to form larger, multiparticle entities.

A

Granulation

36
Q

A multi-step process used to make uniformly spherical particles (for controlled release application).

A

Spheronization

37
Q

Particles are aggregated using high pressure.

A

Dry Granulation

38
Q

Two (2) Methods of Dry Granulation

A
  1. Roll-Compaction Method
  2. Slugging Method
39
Q

Powders are rolled into dense sheets. Sheets are granulated using the mechanical granulator.

A

Roll-Compaction Method

40
Q

Slugging the powders (the formation of large tablet called slug). Slugs are granulated using an appropriate equipment.

A

Slugging Method

41
Q

Two (2) Types of Granules

A
  1. Good Granules
  2. Fines
42
Q

Particles that pass through sieve 20 and are retained at sieve 40.

A

Good Granules

43
Q

Particles that pass sieve 40.

A

Fines

44
Q

Three (3) Broad Categories of Comminution

A
  1. Coarse Crushers
  2. Intermediate Grinders
  3. Fine Grinding Mills
45
Q

Jaw, Gyratory, Roll, and Impact Crushers

A

Coarse Crushers

46
Q

Rotary Cutters, Disk, Hammer, Roller, and Chaser Mills

A

Intermediate Grinders

47
Q

Ball, Rod, Hammer, Colloid, and Fluid-Energy Mills

A

Fine Grinding Mills

48
Q

Ten (10) Fine Grinding Mills

A
  1. Roller Mills
  2. Hammer Mills
  3. Centrifugal-Impact Mills and Sieves
  4. Cutter Mills
  5. Attrition Mills
  6. Chaser Mills
  7. Pebble or Ball Mills
  8. Vibrating Ball Mills
  9. Fluid Energy Mills
  10. Centrifugal-Impact Pulverizers
49
Q

In their basic form consist of two rollers revolving in the same direction at different rates of speed. It is quite versatile and can be used to crush variety of materials.

A

Roller Mills

50
Q

Consist of rotating shaft on which are mounted either rigid or swing beaters. This unit is enclosed with chamber containing rigid or removable screen through which the material must pass.

A

Hammer Mills

51
Q

The mills consists of nonrotating bar or stator that is fixed within the rotating sieve basket. The particles or agglomerates larger than the hole size are directed by centrifugal force to impact with the stator. The sieve baskets also can be constructed to have cutting edge that can aid in particle-size reduction without impact with the stator.

A

Centrifugal-Impact Mills and Sieves

52
Q

Consist of horizontal rotor which turns within housing, and into it are set stationary bed knives or blades. The feed is from the top and perforated plate or screen is set into the bottom of the housing through which the finished product is discharged.

A

Cutter Mills

53
Q

Make use of two stone or steel grinding plates, one or both of which revolve to provide grinding mainly through attrition.

A

Attrition Mills

54
Q

These are also called because two heavy granite stores, or chasers, mounted vertically like wheels and connected by the short horizontal shaft, are made to revolve or chase each other upon granite base surrounded by curb. Revolution of the chasers produces an upward current of air; this carries over the lighter particles, which fall outside the curb and subsequently are collected as fine powder.

A

Chaser Mills

55
Q

The grinding is effected by placing the substance in jars or cylindrical vessels that are lined with porcelain or similar hard substance. These cylindrical vessels revolve horizontally on their long axis and the tumbling of the pebbles or balls over one another and against the sides of the cylindrical produces pulverization with the minimum loss of material.

A

Pebble or Ball Mills

56
Q

Which also combine attrition and impact, consist of mill shell containing charge of balls similar to rotating ball mills.

A

Vibrating Ball Mills

57
Q

The mills have no moving parts, grinding being achieved by subjecting the solid material to streams of high-velocity elastic fluids, usually air, steam, or an inert gas. The material to be pulverized is swept into violent turbulence by the sonic and supersonic velocity of the streams.

A

Fluid Energy Mills

58
Q

Have been found to be effective for the reduction of the particle size of wide variety of materials ranging from very soft, organic chemicals to hard, abrasive minerals.

A

Centrifugal-Impact Pulverizers

59
Q

Nine (9) Large Scale Mixing Equipment

A
  1. Rotating-Shell Mixers
  2. Fixed-Shell Mixers
  3. Sigma-Blade and Planetary Paddle Mixers
  4. Vertical Impeller Mixers
  5. Motionless Mixers
  6. Propeller Mixers
  7. Turbine Mixers
  8. Anchor Mixers
  9. Scraped-Surface Agitators
60
Q

The drum-type, cubical shaped, double-cone, and twin-shell blenders are all example of this class of mixers.

A

Rotating-Shell Mixers

61
Q

The ribbon mixer, one of the oldest mechanical solid-solid blending devices, exemplifies this type of mixer.

A

Fixed-Shell Mixers

62
Q

These are also used for solid-solid blending.

A

Sigma-Blade and Planetary Paddle Mixers

63
Q

They have the advantage of requiring little floor space, employ screw-type impeller that constantly overturns the batch.

A

Vertical Impeller Mixers

64
Q

These are in-line continuous processing devices with no moving parts. They consist of series of fixed flow-twisting or flow-splitting elements.

A

Motionless Mixers

65
Q

Most often used mixing implement; often called “prop” mixer for short. These machines use rounded, pitched, 3 or 4 blade design that produces mostly axial flow. Provide good flow and, hence, blending capabilities in small batches of low to medium viscosities. These are operated around 300-400 rpm.

A

Propeller Mixers

66
Q

The most versatile of all mixers in the entire span of mixing equipment are the axial and radial flow turbines. These machines can be designed flexibility with respect to impeller diameter, rotation speed, blade angle, number of blades, and blade shapes.

A

Turbine Mixers

67
Q

An often overlooked mixing device, which is low speed (up to 50 rpm) and considered low capability. However, this slowly moving agitator makes it possible for many dispersion and emulsification process to be accomplished without over shear, aeration, and heat transfer problems.

A

Anchor Mixers

68
Q

These are definitely required in emulsification equipment where heat transfers are necessary. These anchor agitators with scraping blades can be just as simple anchors or part of complex multi-shaft mixers.

A

Scraped-Surface Agitators

69
Q

It combines comminution and mixing in single operation. It is particularly useful where some degree of particle size reduction as well as mixing is required, as in the case of mixtures of crystalline material.

A

Mortar and Pestle

70
Q

This is the most rapid particle size distribution technique.

A

Sieving

Solid Dosage Forms (3 decks)

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