Poverty

Question 1

Define Absolute poverty

Answer 1

absolute poverty may be defined as the barest minimum necessary for human physical reproduction

Question 2

what problems are associated with an absolute definition of poverty

Answer 2

defining poverty as absolute does not take into consideration other human needs such as clothing or heating. Also an ‘absolute’ definition of poverty did not take into consideration lack of participation in society which equals social exclusion

Question 3

Who argued against scientific and absolute power tire paradigms of poverty?

Answer 3

Veit-Wilson (1896) disagreed with Townsend’s (1964) interpretation of Rowntrees (1901) and later research 1936. Veit-Wilson believed that Rowntrees absolute definition of poverty was taken at face value and misinterpreted inasmuch as it appeared that insufficient income data was gleaned from the research subjects and that a lot of the researchers ‘asdumptions’ of poverty was arbitrarily measured based on appearances.

Question 4

Who first defined ‘Absolute’ Poverty ?

Answer 4

Rowntree (1901) discovered primary and secondary poverty or absolute and relative poverty one the first to ‘scientifically’ discover poverty through research in York along with Booth (1889) who carried out similar research in London.

Question 5

what were considered ‘necessaries’ by Townsend in 1954

Answer 5

Townsend (1954) also debated what constituted ‘necessaries’

Question 6

how is relative poverty defined

Answer 6

relative poverty is defined within the threshold taken as 140% of national assistance and/or an average income equivalent to 60%bof median household income.

Question 7

what did Rowntrees last survey of York prove

Answer 7

Rowntrees last survey of York showed that poverty had fallen from 31% in 1936 to 3% in 1950 the reason given that welfare provision had ameliorated much of poverty.

Question 8

what counts as an assessor tea in contemporary

Answer 8

Research carried out by Middleton (2000) showed that a bed was considered the most important item though to be a necessity by 95% of those researched and at the bottom of the list was the use of the Internet 89% just below a mobile phone

Question 9

Who rediscovered poverty?

Answer 9

Abel-Smith and Townsend (1965) in rediscovery of property found that property had not been abolished and further in Townsend’s view material exclusion from customary standards should be included in the relative definition of poverty. Townsend (1964) Poor and Poorest sure good large families and low wages were consistent with poverty and levels had increased since the 1950s

Question 10

The liberal reforms of 1906 to 1914 are considered by some as the commencement of the modern welfare state of the 20th century what legislation illustrates this

Answer 10

Old age pension act 1908

National insurance act 1911

Question 11

What legislation post-Second World War illustrates the primary aim of British social policy to alleviate poverty?

Answer 11

The universal declaration of human rights and the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child (UNCRC)

Question 12

what was beverages giant of 1942 in association with poverty

Answer 12

want

Question 13

what measures were introduced to discourage dependency during the economic depression following the great depression in 1926?

Answer 13

after the 1926 great depression and economic growth turn to economic depression measures were introduced by the government to discourage the dependency for example means testing

Question 14

is poverty related solely to economic change?

Answer 14

poverty in relative terms amounts to social exclusion inasmuch as participation is not possible in wider society and is therefore not solely and economic basis for definition

Question 15

when was relative poverty seem to increase and what were given as the reasons for the increase mint of relative poverty?

Answer 15

relative poverty was seen to increase in the 1950s and was linked to large families and low wages. It was during this time that the child poverty action group was introduced (CPAG) and the Labour government of 1964 to 1970 was seen to recognise a culture of poverty.

Question 16

What were recognised as the historic causes of poverty in the 19th and 21st century

Answer 16

The historic causes of poverty they were evident in the 19th century the simplest of those are evident in contemporary times in the 21st-century (Allcock 1999). For example large families and low and inconsistent wages of the 19th century recognised by all discovered by Rowntree in New York equates to the 21st-century welfare culture of ‘Low pay no pay”

Question 17

describe new labours ideology in relation to poverty

Answer 17

New Labour advocated that the excluded from society must reintegrate themselves within modern society and take whatever job and will ever pay was on offer and basically capitalism works Blair

Question 18

New Labour voice of progressive politics?

Answer 18

New Labour could no longer be seen as the voice of progressive politics but emerged as the new voice of the middle class because the middle class is growing and the working class was disappearing

Question 19

New Labour and neoliberal economics

Answer 19

New Labour according to Standing (2015) adhered to neoliberal economics in the 1990s and became morally bankrupt they were labelled centrist with their ideology of ‘coercive workfare,

Question 20

Child Poverty Act 2010

Answer 20

Tony Blair the Prime Minister of the Labour government in the 1990s promised to Raticate child poverty in 1999 this promise became in shrined in law in the child poverty act 2010 by Gordon Brown is replacements as prime minister in 2008 the promise was to eradicate poverty by 2020 and half it by 2010

Question 21

what were the Conservative approaches to property in the 80s 90s

Answer 21

The Conservative government of the 1980s and 1990s ignored relative poverty for them absolute poverty was key. Inequality was seen as natural inasmuch as effort was seen to be rewarded, and unemployment was regarded as a individual choice and not a result of wider economic or social structural forces such as labour market

Question 22

describe neoliberalism

Answer 22

neoliberalism may be seen as producing the loss of citizens rights socially politically and culturally. Under near liberalism there has been a distinct loss of social institutions.

Question 23

How can the principles of the Poor Law be equated to contemporary values?

Answer 23

do we not see a return to poor law principles for example less eligibility which means that welfare provision benefit should be less than what is the achieved through the route of work. less eligibility is also because the demonisation of the pool

Question 24

What visible signs are there in contemporary society to demonstrate the extent of poverty ?

Answer 24

there has been an increase in the use of food banks in the UK used by the vulnerable. Inequality under the Conservative government underpinned by strong near liberal ideology has been seen to widen between the haves and the have nots

Question 25

how have new Labour reacted to global markets

Answer 25

New Labour in the 1990s with a view to modernisation but seem to embrace capitalism and global markets and neoliberalism. New Labour were responsible for the provision of easy credit and tax credits available to working families. A prop up of the colour me, however when the collimate plummets as it did in 2008 with the financial crisis the bargain collapses with it (Standing, 2015)

Question 26

standing 2015

Answer 26

“Successive governments have turned the welfare state into a terrifyingly complex, moralistic a web of tax critics, means tested benefits and workfare” made possible by bureaucracy and sanctions

Question 27

Facts …..

Answer 27

The UK is the fifth richest country in the world (credit credit Suisse 2015). There are 5 million people in the UK living as food insecure. 36% of one heating bill away from hardship.

Question 28

conclusion…

Answer 28

Cyclic reforms are driven by economic downturn and up trends which is reflected in government policy and ideology. Neoliberal discourse of work with this and dependency (Wiggan 2012)