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Poultry > Poultry 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Poultry 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many broilers is 1 pedigree female responsible for

A

4 million

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2
Q

How many genetic lines are combined to give broiler birds

A

4 lines

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3
Q

At the great grandparent level i.e one below pedigree which sex is phenotypically selected upon

A

Only male

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4
Q

Location of male reproductive anatomy in the bird

A

Testes are rostral and ventral to kidneys
Epididymis dorsally on testis
Vas deferens connects to cloaca

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5
Q

How is the phallus orientated in the male chicken

A

Lies on ventral lip of vent; in detumescent state directed to interior of cloaca
But during mating lymph flow causes phallus to become tumescent and ventral lip of vent everted to extude phallus

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6
Q

How does phallus become tumescent

A

Via lymph flow through interconnecting channels in phallus

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7
Q

Weight of mature cockerel testis

A

15-20g (only 1-2g when immature)

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8
Q

How often must cockerel mate with a female to fertilise all her eggs

A

once per week

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9
Q

How is cockerel bodyweight related to fertility

A

Testis size related to bodyweight and direct correlation b/w testis size and sperm output

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10
Q

Why do rear male and female gallus gallus chickens separately

A

Males need less food due to genes for feed efficiency (compared to females which have been bred for eggs)

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11
Q

WHat do we need to remember when rearing male and female ducks separately

A

Males must be within sight and sound of females for fertility

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12
Q

What sex ratio of males and females do we set up

A

Start with 10% cockerels; end up down to 8.5% by start of laying due to inactive/debilitated cockerels

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13
Q

How can we tell if a male is sexually active i.e working well

A

Cloaca more red and moist

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14
Q

In which poultry system is artifical insemination commonly used

A

Turkeys
- Since males too large to mate conventionally

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15
Q

How do we dilute semen with extended

A

50:50 ratio

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16
Q

What % dead is max with sperm assessment

A

10% dead/abnormal
Use nigrosine-eosin

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17
Q

How does sperm number affect fertility and hatchability

A

Lower sperm numbers significantly decreases fertility; also then decreases hatchability and increases early dead embryos

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18
Q

Female reproductive anatomy in chickens basic

A

Only left ovary reaches maturity; found at cephalic end of L kidney
May see vestigial right oviduct

Ovary –> infundibulum –> magnum –> isthmus –> uterus/shell gland –> vagina

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19
Q

Where are the sperm nests located in female repro tract

A

In the infundibulum

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20
Q

What happens in the magnum

A

Albumen layers laid down ~ 3hours

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21
Q

What happens in the isthmus

A

Shell membranes laid down ~1.25 hours

22
Q

What happens in the uterus

A

Shell and shell pigment laid down
21 hours

23
Q

What does the infundibulum do female repro tract

A

Engulfs ova when it is released
Contains sperm nests for fertilisation

24
Q

How does light affect fertility

A

Via stimulation of the hypothalamus

25
Q

What timing of light is stimulating for hypothalamus

A

The light in period 11-13 hours after lights turned on

i.e if lights turned on at 6am then photosensitive period = 5-7pm

26
Q

Why do we want to avoid accumulation of eggs with commercial layers

A

To stop the chicken going broody and not producing more eggs

27
Q

What intensity must light be to be photostimulatory compared with light in dark period

A

10X the intensity; so at times with strong moonlight need greater light intensity in day

28
Q

What does clutch length refer to

A

Number of consecutive days where eggs laid; ended by a non-laying day

29
Q

Difference between eggs laid earlier or later in day

A

Those laid earlier are larger; those later have more shell material

30
Q

Mortality of embryo in relation to position in clutch

A

First one in clutch has higher mortality; likely due to long time in oviduct (during non-laying day)

31
Q

Effect of longer clutch length on embryo viability

A

Increases it (since first one in a clutch has lower viability)

32
Q

How much light to give to pullets before mature

A

Just 8 hours; do not want photostimulation

33
Q

Effects on production if light stimulation started too early on pullets

A

Lower first egg weight
Lower embryo viability
Lower chick numbers

34
Q

How many layers does albumen have

A

4

35
Q

What is the function of the chalaziferous zone in albumen

A

Keeps the yolk suspended to protect the embryo if the egg is moved

36
Q

Main protein components in albumen

A

54% = ovalbumen
Ovotransferrin
Ovoglobulin

37
Q

Dry matter composition of shell

A

98% crystalline calcium carbonate (40% calcium, 60% carbonate)
2% organic material

38
Q

What gives shells a brown pitgment

A

photoporphyrin IX (From haemoglobin)

39
Q

What gives eggs a blue pigment

A

Oocyanin bile

40
Q

Is calcium stored in the shell gland

A

No - must be taken from blood

41
Q

WHat hormone causes a rise in serum calcium before pullets start laying

A

oestrogen

42
Q

How does oestrogen increase serum calcium + overall calcium levels

A

Increases Ca2+ binding protein production
Increase in skeletal weight of 20% via medullary bone build up under influence of oestrogens and androgens

43
Q

How does egg shell production cause metabolic acidosis

A

Carbonic anhydrase makes carbonate (for calcium carbonate) from Co2 which release H+ ions; causes intracellular pH fall

44
Q

Rearing vs laying diets calcium and phosphate levels

A

Rearing = 1% calcium , 0.4% phosphate
Leaying = 3.7% calcium, 0.46% phosphate

45
Q

WHat is the trigger point temperature for embryos to start to incubate

A

25 degrees

46
Q

What is ideal amount of time between egg laying and setting

A

3-5 days

47
Q

What should we do with temperature if waiting longer between laying and setting eggs

A

Reduce temp to decrease metabolic rate of embryo

48
Q

What pH and osmotic pressure should sperm be kept at via semen extender use

A

pH 7
400mOsm/kg H2O

49
Q

Which poultry species females show typical shake/flutter after successful mating

A

Chickens and turkeys
(not ducks)

50
Q

Is LH release influenced by light dark cycle

A

YES!!!

Poultry (5 decks)

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